Turkish Migration to Germany in 1970s Guest Workers - 3300 Words

Turkish Migration to Germany in 1970s Guest Workers (Article Sample) Content: NameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse numberDateTURKISH LABOUR MIGRATION TO GERMANYExecutive summaryHuman beings have migrated since so many decades in the past. This migration has ranged from travels of a few miles to longer travels across oceans and continents. As the states of Europe recovered from World War II, they started becoming attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened doors to immigrants to assist in rebuilding their economies. During the post-war period, technological improvements in air and land travel decreased the cost of migration (Malweski, 2008). Emigration from developing countries to Western nations expanded rapidly as incomes in the developing world rose enough to make relocation feasible, but not enough to make it mootThe primary phase of labor migration from to Germany from Turkey was initiated with bilateral labor recruitment agreements that existed between two governments in the early 1960s. Given both countries' social and econo mic conditions, labor recruitment seemed a working solution. Germany expected to get a temporary labor supply and, therefore, do away with the high costs of involving migrant workers, while sustaining growth in the economy without the pressure of raising wages. Turkey, however, hoped for an impetus for modernization and economic development resulting from remittances and the migrant workers going back. A decade later, in 1973, the German government abruptly halted labor recruitment. At the same time, it provided incentives to encourage return migration. Despite these incentives, the volume of return migration remained small while Turkish population in Germany raised as a result of family reunion and high rates of fertility. The number of Turks in Germany became stable in the course of time, with close to two million Turks living in Germany today.IntroductionImmigration and emigration are processes that complementarily describe the movements of people over geographic space between tw o different regions or countries worldwide. People migrate from a particular country and immigrate to some other country. Both emigration and immigration can describe many different types of migrants. There are also different methods of classifying migrants for economic and political reasons (Corry, 1996). For instance, there is Long-term Migration that includes; Labor migrants, Professional, business or investor migrants and Forced migrants like asylum seekers. On the other hand, Temporary Migration includes; seasonal migrants or laborers on temporary working visas, Professional and business migrants and Student and Scholar migrantsMigration can either involve international or internal flows. International flows are the movement of migrants from a particular country to another within the same continent or to more distant countries. Internal flows, on the other hand, is the migration between areas or regions inside a single country. Hence, migrants can both move across cities within their state or region or cross borders.Large-scale Turkish labor emigration to Europe started with an agreement signed by the Turkish and West German governments in 1961. The fact coincided with a West German economic boom and the migration of growing numbers of Turkish internal migrants from rural areas to major urban centers. The pact aimed to provide the German economy for temporary unskilled labor, guest workers while thinning the ranks of Turkey's lack of jobs (Corry, 1996). It was expected that these workers would go back to Turkey with new skills and assist in reorienting the Turkish economy from rural agriculture to industry.In this paper, however, I will focus on a key thematic element of the political economy of migration through engaging the literature and utilizing established historical and comparative quantitative methods. I will tackle the historical legacy of the Turks migration to Germany, the political and economic forces that spurred the movement and the substant ial effects of the migration to both states. The problems encountered by the Turks in Germany until present day is also discussed.The Push and Pull FactorsPush factors are negative factors of the sending country, unlike pull factors that are positive aspects of the receiving country (Shanks, 2002). These differentiating factors are two sides of the same coin. In moving migrants must not only find a lack of benefits at home, push factor, but also expect a surplus of profits abroad, pull factor; otherwise the move would not be worthwhile. There are also more ambiguous elements, called network factors that can either facilitate or deter migration. As mentioned above, network factors include the cost of travel, the ease of communication, and international business trends. These factors are not related to a particular country, but still have a profound effect on international migration.Push FactorsPush factors come in many forms. Sometimes these factors leave people with no choice but t o leave their country of origin. Below are three examples of push factors that drive people to emigrate from their country of origin.Lack of Jobs/PovertyEconomic factors provide the primary motivation behind migration. In fact, according to the International Labour Organization, approximately half of the total population of current international migrants, or about 100 million migrant workers, have left home to find better job and lifestyle opportunities for their families abroad.Labor DemandAlmost all developed countries have realized that they need migrants' low skill labor to assist their growing economies. While most manufacturing is now outsourced to developing nations, low skill employment opportunities are available in wealthy countries due to growing service sectors. These savings create millions of jobs that domestic workers may refuse to fill because of their low wages and minimal opportunity for professional advancement. Canada is an example of this trend; the country's migrant population has nearly doubled over the past couple of years (Geddes, 2012).The history of Turkish migration into GermanyThe illusion began on 30th of October 1961, with the signing of a labor recruitment agreement between West Germany and Turkey. Similar arrangements already existed with Italy, Spain and Greece, but the West German economy was booming, and the need for labor seemed endless. After being vaccinated and passing a medical fitness test, thousands of Turks took special trains in Istanbul and Ankara and were taken to Germany. The workers set foot in Munich and were then placed among the country's industrial regions. The government and the economy were relieved by the Turkish foreign workers, who were aged between 18 and 45, at the prime of their operational capacity, boosted tax revenues and social security aids and made a substantial contribution to increasing production levels.Thus, it was no surprise that Josef Stingl, the then-president of the Federal Labor Age ncy, was visibly euphoric when, in November 1969, he greeted the 1-millionth guest worker from the southeastern European region at Munich's central train station. The 24-year-old Turk was given a television set the was shipped off to a factory in Mainz near Frankfurt, and Stingl used the opportunity to announce that Germany needed much more like him to maintain its course of steady economic growth (OndrÃÅ'Å’ej, Shanks, 2002).German companies were mainly interested in semi-skilled or unskilled laborers for poorly paid, lousy jobs on assembly lines and in shift work. Poor, remote regions of Turkey were the widespread employment areas. At the time, nobody in Germany cared much about the issue that many of the new guest workers could hardly write or read, making it difficult for them to take part in German society. The guest workers were expected to stay together in new small dormitories near the factories where they worked, and go back to their native countries after working for a few years.Turkish immigrants in Germany comprised of one of the most prominent migrant groups at the post-war period. These immigrants came into the Germany as "Gastarbeiter," or guest workers, during the 1950s and 1960s to involve themselves in the country's post-war demand for labor. However, the German government never intended for these immigrants to stay in Germany permanently, so they weren't granted citizenship or entirely integrated into German society. However, this legislation does not allow Turks to hold dual citizenship, causing social unrest between Turks who are being asked to renounce their Turkish nationality to become German citizens ( Zaman, 2012)But none of this was adequately regulated. A rotation clause intended to limit a guest worker's first stay in Germany to two years was eliminated from the 1964 German-Turkish treaty, partly as a result of pressure from German industry, which was loath to cater for the costs of constantly training new workers (Horrocks,19 96). Besides, the Turkish immigrants had shown reliability as workers who made fewer demands than their German counterparts but were no less productive, according to a 1966 report by the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA).Political and Economic Effects in Turkey and GermanyThe economic effects of migration vary widely. Sending countries may experience both gains and losses in the short term but may stand to gain over the long run. For receiving countries, temporary worker methods help to address the lack of skills but may decrease domestic wages and add to public welfare burden. The economic effects of migration for both sending and receiving countries may also vary depending on who is moving, specifically on migrant workers' skill levels. The problem is not immigration but integration,, especially in the labor market. If there are no jobs, the consequences are segregation, housing problems and di... Turkish Migration to Germany in 1970s Guest Workers - 3300 Words Turkish Migration to Germany in 1970s Guest Workers (Article Sample) Content: NameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse numberDateTURKISH LABOUR MIGRATION TO GERMANYExecutive summaryHuman beings have migrated since so many decades in the past. This migration has ranged from travels of a few miles to longer travels across oceans and continents. As the states of Europe recovered from World War II, they started becoming attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened doors to immigrants to assist in rebuilding their economies. During the post-war period, technological improvements in air and land travel decreased the cost of migration (Malweski, 2008). Emigration from developing countries to Western nations expanded rapidly as incomes in the developing world rose enough to make relocation feasible, but not enough to make it mootThe primary phase of labor migration from to Germany from Turkey was initiated with bilateral labor recruitment agreements that existed between two governments in the early 1960s. Given both countries' social and econo mic conditions, labor recruitment seemed a working solution. Germany expected to get a temporary labor supply and, therefore, do away with the high costs of involving migrant workers, while sustaining growth in the economy without the pressure of raising wages. Turkey, however, hoped for an impetus for modernization and economic development resulting from remittances and the migrant workers going back. A decade later, in 1973, the German government abruptly halted labor recruitment. At the same time, it provided incentives to encourage return migration. Despite these incentives, the volume of return migration remained small while Turkish population in Germany raised as a result of family reunion and high rates of fertility. The number of Turks in Germany became stable in the course of time, with close to two million Turks living in Germany today.IntroductionImmigration and emigration are processes that complementarily describe the movements of people over geographic space between tw o different regions or countries worldwide. People migrate from a particular country and immigrate to some other country. Both emigration and immigration can describe many different types of migrants. There are also different methods of classifying migrants for economic and political reasons (Corry, 1996). For instance, there is Long-term Migration that includes; Labor migrants, Professional, business or investor migrants and Forced migrants like asylum seekers. On the other hand, Temporary Migration includes; seasonal migrants or laborers on temporary working visas, Professional and business migrants and Student and Scholar migrantsMigration can either involve international or internal flows. International flows are the movement of migrants from a particular country to another within the same continent or to more distant countries. Internal flows, on the other hand, is the migration between areas or regions inside a single country. Hence, migrants can both move across cities within their state or region or cross borders.Large-scale Turkish labor emigration to Europe started with an agreement signed by the Turkish and West German governments in 1961. The fact coincided with a West German economic boom and the migration of growing numbers of Turkish internal migrants from rural areas to major urban centers. The pact aimed to provide the German economy for temporary unskilled labor, guest workers while thinning the ranks of Turkey's lack of jobs (Corry, 1996). It was expected that these workers would go back to Turkey with new skills and assist in reorienting the Turkish economy from rural agriculture to industry.In this paper, however, I will focus on a key thematic element of the political economy of migration through engaging the literature and utilizing established historical and comparative quantitative methods. I will tackle the historical legacy of the Turks migration to Germany, the political and economic forces that spurred the movement and the substant ial effects of the migration to both states. The problems encountered by the Turks in Germany until present day is also discussed.The Push and Pull FactorsPush factors are negative factors of the sending country, unlike pull factors that are positive aspects of the receiving country (Shanks, 2002). These differentiating factors are two sides of the same coin. In moving migrants must not only find a lack of benefits at home, push factor, but also expect a surplus of profits abroad, pull factor; otherwise the move would not be worthwhile. There are also more ambiguous elements, called network factors that can either facilitate or deter migration. As mentioned above, network factors include the cost of travel, the ease of communication, and international business trends. These factors are not related to a particular country, but still have a profound effect on international migration.Push FactorsPush factors come in many forms. Sometimes these factors leave people with no choice but t o leave their country of origin. Below are three examples of push factors that drive people to emigrate from their country of origin.Lack of Jobs/PovertyEconomic factors provide the primary motivation behind migration. In fact, according to the International Labour Organization, approximately half of the total population of current international migrants, or about 100 million migrant workers, have left home to find better job and lifestyle opportunities for their families abroad.Labor DemandAlmost all developed countries have realized that they need migrants' low skill labor to assist their growing economies. While most manufacturing is now outsourced to developing nations, low skill employment opportunities are available in wealthy countries due to growing service sectors. These savings create millions of jobs that domestic workers may refuse to fill because of their low wages and minimal opportunity for professional advancement. Canada is an example of this trend; the country's migrant population has nearly doubled over the past couple of years (Geddes, 2012).The history of Turkish migration into GermanyThe illusion began on 30th of October 1961, with the signing of a labor recruitment agreement between West Germany and Turkey. Similar arrangements already existed with Italy, Spain and Greece, but the West German economy was booming, and the need for labor seemed endless. After being vaccinated and passing a medical fitness test, thousands of Turks took special trains in Istanbul and Ankara and were taken to Germany. The workers set foot in Munich and were then placed among the country's industrial regions. The government and the economy were relieved by the Turkish foreign workers, who were aged between 18 and 45, at the prime of their operational capacity, boosted tax revenues and social security aids and made a substantial contribution to increasing production levels.Thus, it was no surprise that Josef Stingl, the then-president of the Federal Labor Age ncy, was visibly euphoric when, in November 1969, he greeted the 1-millionth guest worker from the southeastern European region at Munich's central train station. The 24-year-old Turk was given a television set the was shipped off to a factory in Mainz near Frankfurt, and Stingl used the opportunity to announce that Germany needed much more like him to maintain its course of steady economic growth (OndrÃÅ'Å’ej, Shanks, 2002).German companies were mainly interested in semi-skilled or unskilled laborers for poorly paid, lousy jobs on assembly lines and in shift work. Poor, remote regions of Turkey were the widespread employment areas. At the time, nobody in Germany cared much about the issue that many of the new guest workers could hardly write or read, making it difficult for them to take part in German society. The guest workers were expected to stay together in new small dormitories near the factories where they worked, and go back to their native countries after working for a few years.Turkish immigrants in Germany comprised of one of the most prominent migrant groups at the post-war period. These immigrants came into the Germany as "Gastarbeiter," or guest workers, during the 1950s and 1960s to involve themselves in the country's post-war demand for labor. However, the German government never intended for these immigrants to stay in Germany permanently, so they weren't granted citizenship or entirely integrated into German society. However, this legislation does not allow Turks to hold dual citizenship, causing social unrest between Turks who are being asked to renounce their Turkish nationality to become German citizens ( Zaman, 2012)But none of this was adequately regulated. A rotation clause intended to limit a guest worker's first stay in Germany to two years was eliminated from the 1964 German-Turkish treaty, partly as a result of pressure from German industry, which was loath to cater for the costs of constantly training new workers (Horrocks,19 96). Besides, the Turkish immigrants had shown reliability as workers who made fewer demands than their German counterparts but were no less productive, according to a 1966 report by the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA).Political and Economic Effects in Turkey and GermanyThe economic effects of migration vary widely. Sending countries may experience both gains and losses in the short term but may stand to gain over the long run. For receiving countries, temporary worker methods help to address the lack of skills but may decrease domestic wages and add to public welfare burden. The economic effects of migration for both sending and receiving countries may also vary depending on who is moving, specifically on migrant workers' skill levels. The problem is not immigration but integration,, especially in the labor market. If there are no jobs, the consequences are segregation, housing problems and di...

When the Levees broke rhetorical analysis - 1864 Words

Max Massimo Professor Gwaltney English 1102 18 March 2014 When the Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis On August 25th at six thirty P.M, one of the most devastating natural disasters the U.S had ever seen touched ground in Florida. Hurricane Katrina was a category five hurricane that had made its way to New Orleans by August 29th. This storm was so destructive that not only did it leave a mark in the gulf coast, but it put the whole country into complete turmoil. Spike Lee was one of the first people to try to start a movement and show the country what really happened during this brutal storm. In the film When the Levees Broke, Spike Lee does a fantastic job at using the people of New Orleans to back up his argument that the United†¦show more content†¦The second part of his argument was that the government did not provide sufficient aid for those in need during the floods. This part of the argument is much more controversial because race gets tied into it. Since Spike Lee is a proud African American he focused on the African populati on in New Orleans. One example of the race issue is when Kanye West announced on national television that â€Å"George Bush doesn’t care about black people†. Lee does a good job at incorporating celebrities in the film to back up his argument. The slow and inadequate response to Katrina is blamed on the Federal Emergency Management Agency. In the interviews multiple towns’ people expressed their anger towards FEMA due to their lack of supplies, small amounts of shelter, and their slow response times. One of the most criticized facts is that the firefighters who volunteered to help were forced to take a two day training course over sexual harassment. When making a statement on the current disaster at the time, Colorado Governor Bill Owens said, â€Å"Every one of those government levels could have done better.† The fact that someone that is a government official made a statement like that is almost sickening. Owens expressed in sheer disappointment that he knew that the government was capableShow MoreRelatedEssay about When the Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis1621 Words   |  7 PagesChase Caldwell Professor Gwaltney English 1102 14 March 2013 When The Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana on the morning of August 29, 2005. The storm produced sustained winds of up 125 mph when it hit that morning. On that same day Katrina caused 53 different levee breaches in greater New Orleans, spilling the waters of Lake Pontchartrain into the city and flooding an overwhelming majority of New Orleans. The floodwaters destroyed countless homes

The Gothic Novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay examples

To what extent can The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde be viewed as a gothic novel? Jekyll and Hyde is a gothic novel. It was written by Robert Louis Stevenson, he got the idea for the story after a dream he had. The word ‘Goth’ is originally from a German tribe and has come to mean ‘barbarian’ and later know as ‘Gothic’. In Gothic Literature certain features are expected. These are supernatural events, have villains and hero characters, strange weather, horror, mystery and deaths. Older Gothic literature was in castles and deserted buildings. Modern Gothic novels were written is more populated areas. Another text that can be classed as ‘Gothic’ is the novel ‘Frankenstein’. The reason for it being a ‘Gothic’ novel is the†¦show more content†¦It makes you think of Mr. Hyde being inhuman. Mr. Hyde beat an elderly gentleman, Carew to death. He had no motive for this terrible attack which makes the reader fear him as he has no remorse for any of his actions. ‘Mr. Hyde broke out of all bounds, and clubbed him to the earth. Ant the next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot’. By comparing Mr. Hyde to an ape shows that he is seen as being less than human. There is a lot of secrecy in this novel particularly with Dr. Jekyll and he really is a closed book and doesn’t confide in anyone until near the end of the story. The secrecy keeps the reader gripped because you want to find out what the secret is yourself and who will be the one Jekyll wil l confide in. At the end of the novel the mystery is revealed in a letter sent from Dr. Jekyll to Dr. Laynon. ‘I received by the evening delivery a registered envelope, addressed in the hand of my colleague and old-school companion, Henry Jekyll. Dr Laynon narrates the letter sent to him from Dr. Jekyll which in return solves the mystery of Mr. Hyde. The main character is Dr Jekyll, he fits into the tradition gothic category of being a ‘doppelganger’. He also fits into the grotesque category as he transforms from being normal into a mutant character. â€Å"He put the glass to his lips and drank at one gulp†¦ there before me eyes†¦ there stood Henry Jekyll.† Hyde drank the potion inShow MoreRelatedDiscuss How Robert Louis Stevenson Explores the Topic of Duality in His Gothic Fiction Novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde2573 Words   |  11 PagesEnglish Coursework The Gothic fiction novel â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†, written by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886, is a novel about a man torn by the desire to separate the good and evil inside people. The plot beholds a scientist who finds a way to literally separate his good from his evil by drinking a potion. The plot picks up on the Victorian hypocrisy that crippled people into being society’s idea of ‘good’ and the shallow nature of the Victorians and how they judged character by appearanceRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde : Literary Review1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Literary Review The Romantic era was plagued with class conflict, poverty, and labor issues. The Victorian novel allows those who had access to them discover and focus on moral issues with society. Among the novel that were created during the era, the genre of a gothic novella emerged. Well knowns gothic novellas included Frankenstein, The Picture of Dorian Gray, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Robert Stevenson’s gothic novella The StrangeRead MoreStevensons Representation of Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1522 Words   |  7 PagesCase of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde In this piece of coursework, I am asked to first of all, discuss how the novel is mainly concerned with the struggle between good and evil. Next, I will be moving on to discovering the historical, social, and cultural issues of the novel; this will discus what Stevensons literary influences were. Subsequently, I will be exploring the actual evil character oh Mr. Edward Hyde; this will include a character description of Hyde. Then, IRead MoreJekyll and Hyde: A Comparision Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesDr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Stevenson’s â€Å"The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† was one of the most famous works of horror fiction of all time in English literature. It was based in the nineteenth century. It reflects the influence of two important ideological forces in the Victorian era. The text uses gothic and detective elements to interest the reader as they were very popular at the time. The focus of the text is concentrated on the issue of Jekyll and Hyde’s personality which was describedRead MoreSuspense in Jekyll and Hyde Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesHow suspense is built up in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ by Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson was born on the 13th November 1850. He wrote Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in 1886, with that 40,000 copies of the book were sold in the first six months. This was designed to mirror the Victorian secret and based on good and evil. Stevenson later died in 1894 in Samoa. Stevenson used the contemporary setting of Victorian London to write his gothic horror novel. The streets with the gas lamps were the perfectRead MoreShocking Principles Terrifified Victorian Readers in The Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde992 Words   |  4 Pagessophisticatedly-constructed novel ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ was devised in 1886, during the revolutionary Victorian era, by the author, Robert Louis Stevenson. Stevenson developed a desire to write in his early life and ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ cemented his reputation. The novel is widely known for its shocking principles that terrified and alarmed the Victorian readers. ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ plays with the idea of the dual nature of man, his two identities. On the surface, Dr Jekyll is a conventionalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pages Nia Givens The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde Christianity was very important in Victorian London. The concept of the duality of good and evil that was taught in the story of the Garden of Eden was widely used in Victorian literature. â€Å"Duality, humorously and simply stated, is the split of one into two, while still existing as one.† (Lopez). Duality is a theme found throughout Robert Louis Stevenson’s ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde’. Most of the story is related in the thirdRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesthe novel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll areRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesof Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde isn’tRead More How Stevenson Explores the Nature of Good and Evil in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1093 Words   |  5 PagesHow Stevenson Explores the Nature of Good and Evil in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The story is about a doctor called Jekyll who has an alternate identity called Hyde. Until the last two chapters it is told from the view point of Mr Utterson; a friend of Jekyll’s who is trying to piece together the story. It uses features of gothic novels such as doppelganger which is an alternate identity. It also uses multiple narratives to make the reader think, it also helps the reader

Business Environment free essay sample

Purposes: mission; vision; aims; objectives; goals; values; profits; market share; growth; return on capital employed (ROCE); sales; service level; customer satisfaction; corporate responsibility; ethical issues Stakeholders: owners; customers; suppliers; employees; debtors; creditors; financial institutions (banks, mortgage lenders, credit factors); environmental groups; government agencies (central government, local authorities); trade unions Responsibilities of organizations: stakeholder interests; conflict of expectations; power- influence matrix; satisfying stakeholder objectives; legal responsibilities e. g. consumer legislation, employee legislation, equal opportunities and anti-discriminatory legislation, environmental legislation, health and safety legislation; ethical issues egg environment, fair trade, global warming, charter compliance e. g. Banking Code 2 Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate Economic systems: the allocation of scarce resources; effective use of resources; type of economic system eg command, free enterprise, mixed, transitional The UK economy: size (gross domestic product, gross national product); structure; population; labour force; growth; inflation; balance of payments; balance of trade; exchange rates; trading partners; public finances (revenues, expenditure); taxation; government borrowing; business behaviour eg investment, objectives, risk awareness; cost of capital; consumer behaviour; propensity to save; propensity to spend; tastes and preferences Government policy: economic goals; fiscal policy: control of aggregate demand; central and local government spending; Public Sector Net Borrowing (PSNB) and Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR); euro convergence criteria, monetary policy; interest rates; quantitative easing; private finance initiative (PFI); competition policy (up-to-date legislation including Competition Act 1998, Enterprise Act 2002); Competition Commission, Office of Fair Trading; Directorate General for Competition); European Commission); sector regulators eg Ofgem, Ofwat, Civil Aviation Authority; Companies Acts; regional policy; industrial policy; enterprise strategy; training and skills policy 3 Understand the behaviour of organisations in their market environment Market types: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, duopoly; competitive advantage, strategies adopted by firms; regulation of competition Market forces and organisational responses: supply and demand, elasticity of demand; elasticity of supply; customer perceptions and actions, pricing decisions; cost and output decisions; economies of scale, the short run; the long run, multi-national and transnational corporations; joint ventures, outsourcing; core markets; labour market trends; employee skills, technology; innovation; research and development; core competencies; business environment (political, economic, social, technical, legal, environmental); cultural environment 4 Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities Global factors: international trade and the UK economy; market opportunities; global growth; protectionism; World Trade Organisation (WTO); emerging markets (BRIC economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China); EU membership; EU business regulations and their incorporation in to UK law; EU policies eg agriculture (CAP), business, competition, growth, employment, education, economics and finance, employment, environment, science and technology, regional); labour movement; workforce skills; exchange rates; trading blocs (eg monetary unions, common markets; customs unions, free trade areas); labour costs; trade duties; levies; tariffs; customs dues; taxation regimes; international competitiveness; international business environment (political, economic, social, technical, legal, environmental); investment incentives; cost of capital; commodity prices; intellectual property; climate change eg Kyoto Protocol, Rio Earth Summit; third world poverty; the group of 20 (G-20); global financia l stability Learning outcomes and assessment criteria Learning outcomesOn successful completion of this unit a learner will:| Assessment criteria for passThe learner can:| LO1 Understand the organizational purposes of businesses| 1. 1 identify the purposes of different types of organisation1. 2 describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders1. explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them| LO2 Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate| 2. 1 explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively2. 2 assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations and their activities2. 3 evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation| LO3 Understand the behaviour of organizations in their market environment| 3. 1 explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses3. 2 illustrate the way in which market forces shape organizational responses using a range of examples3. judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation| LO4 Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities| 4. 1 discuss the significance of international trade to UK Business organisation4. 2 analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organizations4. 3 evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizations. | GRADE DESCRIPTORS Learners would be graded as ‘PASS, MERIT or DISTINCTION. The indicative characteristics for each grade are mentioned below: Pass grade:A pass grade is achieved by meeting all the requirements defined in the assessment criteria for pass for each unit. Merit grade: Merit descriptors| Indicative characteristics| In order to achieve a merit the learner must:| The learner’s evidence shows for example:| IdentifyandapplyStrategiestofind appropriate solutions| ? Effective judgments have been made? Complex problems with more than one variable have been explored? An effective approach to study and research has been applied| Select/design and apply appropriateMethods/techniques| ? Relevant theories and techniques have been applied? A range of methods and techniques have been applied? A range of sources of information has been used? The selection of methods and techniques/sources has been justified? The design of methods/techniques has been justified? Complex information/data has been synthesized and processed? Appropriate learning methods/techniques have been applied| Present and communicateappropriate findings| ? The appropriate structure and approach has been used? Coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for the intended audience? A range of methods of presentation have been used and technical language has been accurately used? Communication has taken place in familiar and unfamiliar contexts? The communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used| Distinction grade: Distinction descriptors| Indicative characteristics| Inordertoachieveadistinctionthelearner must:| The learner’s evidence shows for example:| Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions| ? Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified? The validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria? Self-criticism of approach has taken place? Realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success| Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities| ? Autonomy/independence has been demonstrated? Substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, anaged and organized? Activities have been managed? The unforeseen has been accommodated? Theimportanceofinterdependencehasbeen recognized and achieved| DemonstrateConvergent/lateral/creative thinking| ? Ideas have been generated and decisions taken? Self-evaluation has taken place? Convergent and lateral thin king have been applied? Problems have been solved? Innovation and creative thought have been applied? Receptiveness to new ideas is evident? Effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts| Assignment Unit 1 McCain McCain is the worlds largest producer of chips. Its range includes other potato products like hash browns and waffles. It buys 12% of the UK potato crop. It is also one of the biggest suppliers of frozen light meals. External factors Businesses set themselves aims. These help them to be efficient. For instance, they may aim to increase sales or make more profit. It then plans to reach these aims. To do this it must look at its own strengths. These are called internal factors. It must also look at outside influences. These are called external factors. McCain looks at changes in these. This helps it to plan how to respond. SLEPT SLEPT is one tool that can be used to look at external factors. It can be used to measure their effect. The letters in SLEPT stand for five factors. These are * Social Legal * Environmental * Technological and * Political. McCain dealt with these factors as follows: Social and Legal factors Social A number of campaigns have told people to eat in a more healthy way. This led to falling sales for some McCain products. McCain responded by reducing the salt and oil in its potato pr oducts. It also sent out the message that its chips were not unhealthy. Legal Governments pass laws, and set standards. McCain has to obey the law or set its own, higher, standards. The Food Standards Agency has developed a system of traffic light labels. These are designed to help consumers see which products may be less healthy. The food industry uses a system based on Guideline Daily Amounts. These GDAs are what an average person should eat to stay healthy. McCain uses both of these. All of its potato products can display the green traffic light (low levels) for saturated fat. None of its products displays a red traffic light (for high levels) in any category. Economic, Political and Technological Factors Economics 100 Edition 12 This refers to changes in buying habits. Income is rising, but people have less time to spend it. This is called being cash-rich but time-poor. This leads to more demand for convenience foods. To meet this challenge McCain provides a range of products to suit different tastes. Political There is government pressure for suppliers to come up with healthier foods. McCain supports the government. It believes that the foods it provides are healthy when prepared properly. Technological The technology used to prepare food is fast moving. McCains food technologists have made its potato products more healthy. They have reduced levels of fat and salt but still maintained flavour. This was achieved through a switch to sunflower oils. This reduced saturated fats by 70%. Conclusion Businesses must take account of changes in external factors. Change comes from a number of sources. Each presents a challenge. McCain is a business focused on the market. It knows that it is vital to keep customers happy. It has listened to what customers want and made changes in response. It aims to give them the best value chips and other healthy food products. Task 1 1. 1 Using working example or the case the study indentify the purposes of different types of organisation. (Outcome 1. 1) 1. 2 Using an example of your choice illustrate how an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders. (Outcome 1. 2) 1. 3 Using the case study, explain the responsibilities of an organisation and the strategies employed to meet them. (Outcome 1. 3) Task 2 2. 1 Illustrate how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. Use the case study to illustrate your answer. (Outcome 2. 1) 2. Fiscal and monetary policy affects business organisations and their activities, disucuss this with a working example of your choice. (Outcome 2. 2) 2. 3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of an organisation of your choice or that or the case study. (Out come 2. 3) Task 3 3. 1 Pricing and output decisions of an organisation are determined by market structures. In your opinion is this true. (Outcome 3. 1) 3. 2 Using a working example of your choice show how market forces shape organisational responses. (Outcome 3. 2) 3. 3 Using an example of your choice discuss how the business and cultural environment shape the organisations behaviour. (Outcome 3. 3) Task 4 4. What is the significance of international trade to the UK business organisation? (Outcome 4. 1) 4. 2 The impact of global factors on UK business organisations is quite variable, discuss. (Outcome 4. 2) 4. 3 Discuss the impact of policies of the European Union on the UK business organisations. (Outcome 4. 3) To achieve a Pass/Distinction or Merit student must address all the above criteria by producing a word processed report of 2500- 3500 words. Reports must be supported by appropriate referencing. The report must be submitted by the required formal submission date by 5pm at r eception where a receipt will be given. The Times 100 Edition 12