Deception Point Page 66 Free Essays

The elderly person killed the TV. â€Å"NASA guaranteed Dr. Harper was not feeling admirably that night. We will compose a custom exposition test on Duplicity Point Page 66 or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now † He delayed. â€Å"I happen to think Harper was lying.† Lying? Sexton gazed, his fluffy contemplations unfit to bits together any intelligent method of reasoning for why Harper would have lied about the product. In any case, Sexton had lied in his life to perceive a poor liar when he saw one. He needed to concede, Dr. Harper sure looked dubious. â€Å"Perhaps you don’t realize?† the elderly person said. â€Å"This little declaration you simply heard Chris Harper give is the absolute most significant question and answer session in NASA history.† He delayed. â€Å"That advantageous programming fix he simply depicted is the thing that permitted PODS to discover the meteorite.† Sexton confused. Furthermore, you contemplate it? â€Å"But, on the off chance that Harper was lying, and the PODS programming isn’t truly working, at that point how the damnation did NASA discover the meteorite?† The elderly person grinned. â€Å"Exactly.† 77 The U.S. military’s armada of â€Å"repo† airplane repossessed during drug-exchange captures comprised of over twelve personal jets, including three reconditioned G4s utilized for shipping military VIPs. A half hour back, one of those G4s had lifted off the Thule runway, battled its way over the tempest, and was presently beating southward into the Canadian night on the way to Washington. Installed, Rachel Sexton, Michael Tolland, and Corky Marlinson had the eight-seat lodge to themselves, seeming as though a tousled games group in their coordinating blue U.S.S. Charlotte jumpsuits and tops. In spite of the thunder of the Grumman motors, Corky Marlinson was sleeping in the back. Tolland sat close to the front, looking depleted as he looked out the window at the ocean. Rachel was next to him, realizing she was unable to rest regardless of whether she’d been calmed. Her brain stirred through the riddle of the shooting star, and, most as of late, the dead room discussion with Pickering. Before closing down, Pickering had given Rachel two extra bits of upsetting data. To start with, Marjorie Tench professed to have a video recording of Rachel’s private testimony to the White House staff. Tench was presently taking steps to utilize the video as proof if Rachel attempted to backpedal on her affirmation of the shooting star information. The news was especially agitating in light of the fact that Rachel had explicitly advised Zach Herney that her comments to the staff were for in-house utilize as it were. Evidently Zach Herney had overlooked that demand. The second piece of disturbing news managed a CNN banter her dad had gone to before toward the evening. Clearly, Marjorie Tench had shown up and deftly teased Rachel’s father into solidifying his situation against NASA. All the more explicitly, Tench had coaxed him into roughly declaring his doubt that extraterrestrial life could ever be found. Eat his cap? That’s what Pickering said her dad had offered to do if NASA at any point discovered extraterrestrial life. Rachel considered how Tench had figured out how to persuade out that auspicious minimal sound nibble. Obviously, the White House had been setting the stage cautiously savagely arranging all the dominoes, planning for the large Sexton breakdown. The President and Marjorie Tench, similar to a political label group wrestling pair, had moved for the murder. While the President stayed stately outside the ring, Tench had moved in, revolving around, shrewdly arranging the congressperson for the presidential body hammer. The President had advised Rachel he’d requested that NASA delay declaring the revelation so as to give time to affirm the precision of the information. Rachel presently acknowledged there were different points of interest to pausing. The additional time had given the White House time to give out the rope with which the congressperson would hang himself. Rachel felt no compassion toward her dad, but then she currently understood that underneath the warm and fluffy outside of President Zach Herney, a savvy shark hid. You didn't turn into the most influential man on the planet without an incredible intuition. The inquiry currently was whether this shark was an honest observer or a player. Rachel stood, extending her legs. As she paced the walkway of the plane, she felt baffled that the pieces to this riddle appeared to be so opposing. Pickering, with his trademark virtuous rationale, had closed the shooting star must be phony. Corky and Tolland, with logical affirmation, demanded the shooting star was bona fide. Rachel just realized what she had seen-a singed, fossilized stone being pulled from the ice. Presently, as she went close to Corky, she looked down at the astrophysicist, battered from his trial on the ice. The expanding on his cheek was going down now, and the lines looked great. He was snoozing, wheezing, his chubby hands grasping the plate molded shooting star test like a familiar object. Rachel came to down and delicately slipped the shooting star test away from him. She held it up, contemplating the fossils once more. Expel all presumptions, she let herself know, constraining herself to revamp her contemplations. Restore the chain of validation. It was an old NRO stunt. Revamping a proof without any preparation was a procedure known as a â€Å"null start†-something all information examiners rehearsed when the pieces didn’t very fit. Reassemble the confirmation. She started pacing once more. Does this stone speak to confirmation of extraterrestrial life? Confirmation, she knew, was a decision based on a pyramid of realities, a wide base of acknowledged data on which increasingly explicit statements were made. Evacuate all the base suspicions. Start once more. What do we have? A stone. She considered that for a second. A stone. A stone with fossilized animals. Strolling back toward the front of the plane, she sat down next to Michael Tolland. â€Å"Mike, let’s play a game.† Tolland abandoned the window, looking far off, evidently somewhere down in his own musings. â€Å"A game?† She gave him the shooting star test. â€Å"Let’s imagine you’re seeing this fossilized stone just because. I’ve revealed to you nothing about where it originated from or how it was found. What might you reveal to me it is?† Tolland hurled an inconsolable murmur. â€Å"Funny you ought to inquire. I simply had the most interesting thought†¦ â€Å" Several miles behind Rachel and Tolland, an unusual looking airplane remained low as it tore south over an abandoned sea. Locally available, the Delta Force was quiet. They had been pulled out of areas in a rush, yet never like this. Their controller was enraged. Prior, Delta-One had educated the controller that startling occasions on the ice rack had left his group with no alternative however to practice power that had included executing four regular citizens, including Rachel Sexton and Michael Tolland. The controller responded with stun. Murdering, albeit an approved final retreat, clearly never had been a piece of the controller’s plan. Afterward, the controller’s dismay over the killings went to out and out wrath when he took in the deaths had not gone as arranged. â€Å"Your group failed!† the controller fumed, the hermaphroditic tone barely veiling the person’s rage. â€Å"Three of your four targets are still alive!† Unthinkable! Delta-One had thought. â€Å"But we saw â€Å" â€Å"They reached a submarine and are currently on the way to Washington.† â€Å"What!† The controller’s tone turned deadly. â€Å"Listen cautiously. I am going to provide you new requests. Also, this time you won't fail.† 78 Representative Sexton was really feeling a glint of expectation as he strolled his startling guest pull out to the lift. The leader of the SFF, as it turned out, had not come to berate Sexton, but instead to give him a motivational speech and reveal to him the fight was not yet finished. A potential chink in NASA’s protective layer. The tape of the peculiar NASA public interview had persuaded Sexton that the elderly person was correct PODS crucial Chris Harper was lying. Yet, why? Also, if NASA never fixed the PODS programming, how did NASA discover the shooting star? The most effective method to refer to Deception Point Page 66, Essay models

Egyptian Pyramids Essays - Giza Plateau, New Age, Free Essays

Egyptian Pyramids Essays - Giza Plateau, New Age, Free Essays Egyptian Pyramids The Egyptian pyramids have been the subjects of numerous shocking cases and development speculations for quite a long time. The Great Pyramid for instance has been related with pyramid power, curses, Atlantis, the Bermuda Triangle, Biblical prediction, Martian countenances, propelled civic establishments, space outsiders, pit resonators, and even levitation. It isn't astonishing that some that have proposed such hypotheses have been named pyramidiots. This paper will endeavor to give a progressively consistent answer for the techniques old Egyptians may have had utilized, and the issues they may have had, utilizing accurate data, logical proof and a touch of good judgment. It is the ideal opportunity for a reasonable clarification of how the pyramids were constructedan clarification that depends on nothing remarkable, innovatively progressed, paranormal, heavenly, otherworldly, clairvoyant, or extraterrestrial forces. The Egyptian pyramid's stylish magnificence, its geometrical shape, its perplexing arrangement of inside highlights, and the accuracy of its development entice us to look for a structure plot. It appears to be impossible that the developers would have attempted such a great development venture without an extensive arrangement. Sadly, no records, plans, diagrams, or direct records of the pyramid's development have endure. There is no engravings or writings, and the names of the planners stay obscure. It is highly unlikely of knowing precisely how the old Egyptians fabricated the pyramids, in a period of just crude apparatuses, and, best case scenario just basic hardware. There are numerous hypotheses of how the Egyptians picked up their insight into math and science to assemble these stunning structures. The squares used to construct the pyramids are made out of rock as well as limestone; each single square has an expected load of around over two tons. Each square would to have been quarried or cut, and afterward pulled to the work site, and in the long run set in the right position. The Egyptians had an astonishing comprehension of math, which helped them plan the erection of the pyramid, yet the main thrust behind them was labor. The real individuals who manufactured the pyramids were all intentional laborers; they were not slaves in opposition to mainstream thinking. New archeological proof shows that the individuals who hauled and laid these more than two ton rock pieces were sentenced to an early grave, and they kicked the bucket with disfigured bones and broken appendages. An Egyptian exhuming as of late revealed the cemetery of several laborers who assisted with building the incredible pyramid for King Cheops 4500 years prior. Initially more than one hundred and forty six meters high, it is the tallest of the three well known pyramids at Giza close to the Nile delta. The laborers cemetery is one kilometer west of the pyramid, near their living quarters. Zahi Hawass, the Egyptian paleologist driving the uncovering says that the vast majority of the laborers skeletons have irregular outgrowths known as osteophytes, which are brought about by constant substantial work. The joints of various bones show mileage and numerous bodies have harmed spines. Six skeletons have cut off appendages or fragmented feet. Laborers passed on normal between the ages of thirty and thirty-five, contrasted with somewhere in the range of fifty and sixty for individuals from respectability. They truly worked themselves to death, says Hawass. This proof shows they did in truth utilize human force in the development of pyramids yet it doesn't clarify how a gathering of men had the option to lift a more than two ton bit of rock. It additionally doesn't clarify how these stones were conveyed from the quarry, or how it was lifted up the pyramid, as it got taller. If one somehow happened to manufacture a pyramid today expecting the sections were at that point slice and prepared to assemble the quickest and simplest approach to move them would be a crane. So as to get a precise situation of the section it would take the crane almost one day to situate itself and drop the square set up. The pyramid Khufu has around 2,000,000 300,000 stone hinders; its measurements are 400 eighty one feet in stature, 700 fifty six feet long and its base covering a little more than thirteen sections of land. The pyramid is a geometrical marvel it is totally level and entirely square, the numerical aptitudes of the individuals are not in the least challenged, yet

Environmental Justice In Class, Gender, and Race Essay

Ecological Justice In Class, Gender, and Race - Essay Example Reasonable treatment implies that no specific network or gathering of people should bear uneven allotment of off-putting or hostile natural results following from modern, business and authoritative methods or guidelines. 2. The inclusion just as commitment of open legitimately convince the choices taken by the administrative bodies about the formative possibilities of a specific region and its suggestions on nature of that territory. In this way, important contribution is of central noteworthiness as it produces mindfulness in the mass towards their condition as well as give them the equity to have a superior day to day environments. Significant contribution empowers individuals having a place with that topographical are to comprehend the ramifications of the dangers brought about by the foundation of the modern arrangement or some other sort of course of action that may have pulverizing outcomes on their wellbeing and government assistance. Producing mindfulness is the essential advance towards any exemplary nature and with regards to condition it gets preeminent. The adjusted ecological conditions can't be recharged which influences the strength of the occupants as well as possibly influences the climatic conditions too. In this manner, significant cooperation/inclusion in issues related with nature of the network is profoundly basic. Instigators of Environmental Justice Movement have these contemplations in their brief that a few networks are being treated as high while others are not special and in this way their lives could be placed in peril for the formative advantage of the favored networks. The Civil Rights Movement (1960s) made ready for prompting mindfulness and gave a comprehension to the individuals about the wellbeing perils of their families and network all in all. Continuously, with enlarging mindfulness the worry about the

Turkish Migration to Germany in 1970s Guest Workers - 3300 Words

Turkish Migration to Germany in 1970s Guest Workers (Article Sample) Content: NameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse numberDateTURKISH LABOUR MIGRATION TO GERMANYExecutive summaryHuman beings have migrated since so many decades in the past. This migration has ranged from travels of a few miles to longer travels across oceans and continents. As the states of Europe recovered from World War II, they started becoming attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened doors to immigrants to assist in rebuilding their economies. During the post-war period, technological improvements in air and land travel decreased the cost of migration (Malweski, 2008). Emigration from developing countries to Western nations expanded rapidly as incomes in the developing world rose enough to make relocation feasible, but not enough to make it mootThe primary phase of labor migration from to Germany from Turkey was initiated with bilateral labor recruitment agreements that existed between two governments in the early 1960s. Given both countries' social and econo mic conditions, labor recruitment seemed a working solution. Germany expected to get a temporary labor supply and, therefore, do away with the high costs of involving migrant workers, while sustaining growth in the economy without the pressure of raising wages. Turkey, however, hoped for an impetus for modernization and economic development resulting from remittances and the migrant workers going back. A decade later, in 1973, the German government abruptly halted labor recruitment. At the same time, it provided incentives to encourage return migration. Despite these incentives, the volume of return migration remained small while Turkish population in Germany raised as a result of family reunion and high rates of fertility. The number of Turks in Germany became stable in the course of time, with close to two million Turks living in Germany today.IntroductionImmigration and emigration are processes that complementarily describe the movements of people over geographic space between tw o different regions or countries worldwide. People migrate from a particular country and immigrate to some other country. Both emigration and immigration can describe many different types of migrants. There are also different methods of classifying migrants for economic and political reasons (Corry, 1996). For instance, there is Long-term Migration that includes; Labor migrants, Professional, business or investor migrants and Forced migrants like asylum seekers. On the other hand, Temporary Migration includes; seasonal migrants or laborers on temporary working visas, Professional and business migrants and Student and Scholar migrantsMigration can either involve international or internal flows. International flows are the movement of migrants from a particular country to another within the same continent or to more distant countries. Internal flows, on the other hand, is the migration between areas or regions inside a single country. Hence, migrants can both move across cities within their state or region or cross borders.Large-scale Turkish labor emigration to Europe started with an agreement signed by the Turkish and West German governments in 1961. The fact coincided with a West German economic boom and the migration of growing numbers of Turkish internal migrants from rural areas to major urban centers. The pact aimed to provide the German economy for temporary unskilled labor, guest workers while thinning the ranks of Turkey's lack of jobs (Corry, 1996). It was expected that these workers would go back to Turkey with new skills and assist in reorienting the Turkish economy from rural agriculture to industry.In this paper, however, I will focus on a key thematic element of the political economy of migration through engaging the literature and utilizing established historical and comparative quantitative methods. I will tackle the historical legacy of the Turks migration to Germany, the political and economic forces that spurred the movement and the substant ial effects of the migration to both states. The problems encountered by the Turks in Germany until present day is also discussed.The Push and Pull FactorsPush factors are negative factors of the sending country, unlike pull factors that are positive aspects of the receiving country (Shanks, 2002). These differentiating factors are two sides of the same coin. In moving migrants must not only find a lack of benefits at home, push factor, but also expect a surplus of profits abroad, pull factor; otherwise the move would not be worthwhile. There are also more ambiguous elements, called network factors that can either facilitate or deter migration. As mentioned above, network factors include the cost of travel, the ease of communication, and international business trends. These factors are not related to a particular country, but still have a profound effect on international migration.Push FactorsPush factors come in many forms. Sometimes these factors leave people with no choice but t o leave their country of origin. Below are three examples of push factors that drive people to emigrate from their country of origin.Lack of Jobs/PovertyEconomic factors provide the primary motivation behind migration. In fact, according to the International Labour Organization, approximately half of the total population of current international migrants, or about 100 million migrant workers, have left home to find better job and lifestyle opportunities for their families abroad.Labor DemandAlmost all developed countries have realized that they need migrants' low skill labor to assist their growing economies. While most manufacturing is now outsourced to developing nations, low skill employment opportunities are available in wealthy countries due to growing service sectors. These savings create millions of jobs that domestic workers may refuse to fill because of their low wages and minimal opportunity for professional advancement. Canada is an example of this trend; the country's migrant population has nearly doubled over the past couple of years (Geddes, 2012).The history of Turkish migration into GermanyThe illusion began on 30th of October 1961, with the signing of a labor recruitment agreement between West Germany and Turkey. Similar arrangements already existed with Italy, Spain and Greece, but the West German economy was booming, and the need for labor seemed endless. After being vaccinated and passing a medical fitness test, thousands of Turks took special trains in Istanbul and Ankara and were taken to Germany. The workers set foot in Munich and were then placed among the country's industrial regions. The government and the economy were relieved by the Turkish foreign workers, who were aged between 18 and 45, at the prime of their operational capacity, boosted tax revenues and social security aids and made a substantial contribution to increasing production levels.Thus, it was no surprise that Josef Stingl, the then-president of the Federal Labor Age ncy, was visibly euphoric when, in November 1969, he greeted the 1-millionth guest worker from the southeastern European region at Munich's central train station. The 24-year-old Turk was given a television set the was shipped off to a factory in Mainz near Frankfurt, and Stingl used the opportunity to announce that Germany needed much more like him to maintain its course of steady economic growth (OndrÃÅ'Å’ej, Shanks, 2002).German companies were mainly interested in semi-skilled or unskilled laborers for poorly paid, lousy jobs on assembly lines and in shift work. Poor, remote regions of Turkey were the widespread employment areas. At the time, nobody in Germany cared much about the issue that many of the new guest workers could hardly write or read, making it difficult for them to take part in German society. The guest workers were expected to stay together in new small dormitories near the factories where they worked, and go back to their native countries after working for a few years.Turkish immigrants in Germany comprised of one of the most prominent migrant groups at the post-war period. These immigrants came into the Germany as "Gastarbeiter," or guest workers, during the 1950s and 1960s to involve themselves in the country's post-war demand for labor. However, the German government never intended for these immigrants to stay in Germany permanently, so they weren't granted citizenship or entirely integrated into German society. However, this legislation does not allow Turks to hold dual citizenship, causing social unrest between Turks who are being asked to renounce their Turkish nationality to become German citizens ( Zaman, 2012)But none of this was adequately regulated. A rotation clause intended to limit a guest worker's first stay in Germany to two years was eliminated from the 1964 German-Turkish treaty, partly as a result of pressure from German industry, which was loath to cater for the costs of constantly training new workers (Horrocks,19 96). Besides, the Turkish immigrants had shown reliability as workers who made fewer demands than their German counterparts but were no less productive, according to a 1966 report by the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA).Political and Economic Effects in Turkey and GermanyThe economic effects of migration vary widely. Sending countries may experience both gains and losses in the short term but may stand to gain over the long run. For receiving countries, temporary worker methods help to address the lack of skills but may decrease domestic wages and add to public welfare burden. The economic effects of migration for both sending and receiving countries may also vary depending on who is moving, specifically on migrant workers' skill levels. The problem is not immigration but integration,, especially in the labor market. If there are no jobs, the consequences are segregation, housing problems and di... Turkish Migration to Germany in 1970s Guest Workers - 3300 Words Turkish Migration to Germany in 1970s Guest Workers (Article Sample) Content: NameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse numberDateTURKISH LABOUR MIGRATION TO GERMANYExecutive summaryHuman beings have migrated since so many decades in the past. This migration has ranged from travels of a few miles to longer travels across oceans and continents. As the states of Europe recovered from World War II, they started becoming attractive destinations for potential migrants and opened doors to immigrants to assist in rebuilding their economies. During the post-war period, technological improvements in air and land travel decreased the cost of migration (Malweski, 2008). Emigration from developing countries to Western nations expanded rapidly as incomes in the developing world rose enough to make relocation feasible, but not enough to make it mootThe primary phase of labor migration from to Germany from Turkey was initiated with bilateral labor recruitment agreements that existed between two governments in the early 1960s. Given both countries' social and econo mic conditions, labor recruitment seemed a working solution. Germany expected to get a temporary labor supply and, therefore, do away with the high costs of involving migrant workers, while sustaining growth in the economy without the pressure of raising wages. Turkey, however, hoped for an impetus for modernization and economic development resulting from remittances and the migrant workers going back. A decade later, in 1973, the German government abruptly halted labor recruitment. At the same time, it provided incentives to encourage return migration. Despite these incentives, the volume of return migration remained small while Turkish population in Germany raised as a result of family reunion and high rates of fertility. The number of Turks in Germany became stable in the course of time, with close to two million Turks living in Germany today.IntroductionImmigration and emigration are processes that complementarily describe the movements of people over geographic space between tw o different regions or countries worldwide. People migrate from a particular country and immigrate to some other country. Both emigration and immigration can describe many different types of migrants. There are also different methods of classifying migrants for economic and political reasons (Corry, 1996). For instance, there is Long-term Migration that includes; Labor migrants, Professional, business or investor migrants and Forced migrants like asylum seekers. On the other hand, Temporary Migration includes; seasonal migrants or laborers on temporary working visas, Professional and business migrants and Student and Scholar migrantsMigration can either involve international or internal flows. International flows are the movement of migrants from a particular country to another within the same continent or to more distant countries. Internal flows, on the other hand, is the migration between areas or regions inside a single country. Hence, migrants can both move across cities within their state or region or cross borders.Large-scale Turkish labor emigration to Europe started with an agreement signed by the Turkish and West German governments in 1961. The fact coincided with a West German economic boom and the migration of growing numbers of Turkish internal migrants from rural areas to major urban centers. The pact aimed to provide the German economy for temporary unskilled labor, guest workers while thinning the ranks of Turkey's lack of jobs (Corry, 1996). It was expected that these workers would go back to Turkey with new skills and assist in reorienting the Turkish economy from rural agriculture to industry.In this paper, however, I will focus on a key thematic element of the political economy of migration through engaging the literature and utilizing established historical and comparative quantitative methods. I will tackle the historical legacy of the Turks migration to Germany, the political and economic forces that spurred the movement and the substant ial effects of the migration to both states. The problems encountered by the Turks in Germany until present day is also discussed.The Push and Pull FactorsPush factors are negative factors of the sending country, unlike pull factors that are positive aspects of the receiving country (Shanks, 2002). These differentiating factors are two sides of the same coin. In moving migrants must not only find a lack of benefits at home, push factor, but also expect a surplus of profits abroad, pull factor; otherwise the move would not be worthwhile. There are also more ambiguous elements, called network factors that can either facilitate or deter migration. As mentioned above, network factors include the cost of travel, the ease of communication, and international business trends. These factors are not related to a particular country, but still have a profound effect on international migration.Push FactorsPush factors come in many forms. Sometimes these factors leave people with no choice but t o leave their country of origin. Below are three examples of push factors that drive people to emigrate from their country of origin.Lack of Jobs/PovertyEconomic factors provide the primary motivation behind migration. In fact, according to the International Labour Organization, approximately half of the total population of current international migrants, or about 100 million migrant workers, have left home to find better job and lifestyle opportunities for their families abroad.Labor DemandAlmost all developed countries have realized that they need migrants' low skill labor to assist their growing economies. While most manufacturing is now outsourced to developing nations, low skill employment opportunities are available in wealthy countries due to growing service sectors. These savings create millions of jobs that domestic workers may refuse to fill because of their low wages and minimal opportunity for professional advancement. Canada is an example of this trend; the country's migrant population has nearly doubled over the past couple of years (Geddes, 2012).The history of Turkish migration into GermanyThe illusion began on 30th of October 1961, with the signing of a labor recruitment agreement between West Germany and Turkey. Similar arrangements already existed with Italy, Spain and Greece, but the West German economy was booming, and the need for labor seemed endless. After being vaccinated and passing a medical fitness test, thousands of Turks took special trains in Istanbul and Ankara and were taken to Germany. The workers set foot in Munich and were then placed among the country's industrial regions. The government and the economy were relieved by the Turkish foreign workers, who were aged between 18 and 45, at the prime of their operational capacity, boosted tax revenues and social security aids and made a substantial contribution to increasing production levels.Thus, it was no surprise that Josef Stingl, the then-president of the Federal Labor Age ncy, was visibly euphoric when, in November 1969, he greeted the 1-millionth guest worker from the southeastern European region at Munich's central train station. The 24-year-old Turk was given a television set the was shipped off to a factory in Mainz near Frankfurt, and Stingl used the opportunity to announce that Germany needed much more like him to maintain its course of steady economic growth (OndrÃÅ'Å’ej, Shanks, 2002).German companies were mainly interested in semi-skilled or unskilled laborers for poorly paid, lousy jobs on assembly lines and in shift work. Poor, remote regions of Turkey were the widespread employment areas. At the time, nobody in Germany cared much about the issue that many of the new guest workers could hardly write or read, making it difficult for them to take part in German society. The guest workers were expected to stay together in new small dormitories near the factories where they worked, and go back to their native countries after working for a few years.Turkish immigrants in Germany comprised of one of the most prominent migrant groups at the post-war period. These immigrants came into the Germany as "Gastarbeiter," or guest workers, during the 1950s and 1960s to involve themselves in the country's post-war demand for labor. However, the German government never intended for these immigrants to stay in Germany permanently, so they weren't granted citizenship or entirely integrated into German society. However, this legislation does not allow Turks to hold dual citizenship, causing social unrest between Turks who are being asked to renounce their Turkish nationality to become German citizens ( Zaman, 2012)But none of this was adequately regulated. A rotation clause intended to limit a guest worker's first stay in Germany to two years was eliminated from the 1964 German-Turkish treaty, partly as a result of pressure from German industry, which was loath to cater for the costs of constantly training new workers (Horrocks,19 96). Besides, the Turkish immigrants had shown reliability as workers who made fewer demands than their German counterparts but were no less productive, according to a 1966 report by the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA).Political and Economic Effects in Turkey and GermanyThe economic effects of migration vary widely. Sending countries may experience both gains and losses in the short term but may stand to gain over the long run. For receiving countries, temporary worker methods help to address the lack of skills but may decrease domestic wages and add to public welfare burden. The economic effects of migration for both sending and receiving countries may also vary depending on who is moving, specifically on migrant workers' skill levels. The problem is not immigration but integration,, especially in the labor market. If there are no jobs, the consequences are segregation, housing problems and di...

When the Levees broke rhetorical analysis - 1864 Words

Max Massimo Professor Gwaltney English 1102 18 March 2014 When the Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis On August 25th at six thirty P.M, one of the most devastating natural disasters the U.S had ever seen touched ground in Florida. Hurricane Katrina was a category five hurricane that had made its way to New Orleans by August 29th. This storm was so destructive that not only did it leave a mark in the gulf coast, but it put the whole country into complete turmoil. Spike Lee was one of the first people to try to start a movement and show the country what really happened during this brutal storm. In the film When the Levees Broke, Spike Lee does a fantastic job at using the people of New Orleans to back up his argument that the United†¦show more content†¦The second part of his argument was that the government did not provide sufficient aid for those in need during the floods. This part of the argument is much more controversial because race gets tied into it. Since Spike Lee is a proud African American he focused on the African populati on in New Orleans. One example of the race issue is when Kanye West announced on national television that â€Å"George Bush doesn’t care about black people†. Lee does a good job at incorporating celebrities in the film to back up his argument. The slow and inadequate response to Katrina is blamed on the Federal Emergency Management Agency. In the interviews multiple towns’ people expressed their anger towards FEMA due to their lack of supplies, small amounts of shelter, and their slow response times. One of the most criticized facts is that the firefighters who volunteered to help were forced to take a two day training course over sexual harassment. When making a statement on the current disaster at the time, Colorado Governor Bill Owens said, â€Å"Every one of those government levels could have done better.† The fact that someone that is a government official made a statement like that is almost sickening. Owens expressed in sheer disappointment that he knew that the government was capableShow MoreRelatedEssay about When the Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis1621 Words   |  7 PagesChase Caldwell Professor Gwaltney English 1102 14 March 2013 When The Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana on the morning of August 29, 2005. The storm produced sustained winds of up 125 mph when it hit that morning. On that same day Katrina caused 53 different levee breaches in greater New Orleans, spilling the waters of Lake Pontchartrain into the city and flooding an overwhelming majority of New Orleans. The floodwaters destroyed countless homes

The Gothic Novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay examples

To what extent can The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde be viewed as a gothic novel? Jekyll and Hyde is a gothic novel. It was written by Robert Louis Stevenson, he got the idea for the story after a dream he had. The word ‘Goth’ is originally from a German tribe and has come to mean ‘barbarian’ and later know as ‘Gothic’. In Gothic Literature certain features are expected. These are supernatural events, have villains and hero characters, strange weather, horror, mystery and deaths. Older Gothic literature was in castles and deserted buildings. Modern Gothic novels were written is more populated areas. Another text that can be classed as ‘Gothic’ is the novel ‘Frankenstein’. The reason for it being a ‘Gothic’ novel is the†¦show more content†¦It makes you think of Mr. Hyde being inhuman. Mr. Hyde beat an elderly gentleman, Carew to death. He had no motive for this terrible attack which makes the reader fear him as he has no remorse for any of his actions. ‘Mr. Hyde broke out of all bounds, and clubbed him to the earth. Ant the next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot’. By comparing Mr. Hyde to an ape shows that he is seen as being less than human. There is a lot of secrecy in this novel particularly with Dr. Jekyll and he really is a closed book and doesn’t confide in anyone until near the end of the story. The secrecy keeps the reader gripped because you want to find out what the secret is yourself and who will be the one Jekyll wil l confide in. At the end of the novel the mystery is revealed in a letter sent from Dr. Jekyll to Dr. Laynon. ‘I received by the evening delivery a registered envelope, addressed in the hand of my colleague and old-school companion, Henry Jekyll. Dr Laynon narrates the letter sent to him from Dr. Jekyll which in return solves the mystery of Mr. Hyde. The main character is Dr Jekyll, he fits into the tradition gothic category of being a ‘doppelganger’. He also fits into the grotesque category as he transforms from being normal into a mutant character. â€Å"He put the glass to his lips and drank at one gulp†¦ there before me eyes†¦ there stood Henry Jekyll.† Hyde drank the potion inShow MoreRelatedDiscuss How Robert Louis Stevenson Explores the Topic of Duality in His Gothic Fiction Novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde2573 Words   |  11 PagesEnglish Coursework The Gothic fiction novel â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†, written by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886, is a novel about a man torn by the desire to separate the good and evil inside people. The plot beholds a scientist who finds a way to literally separate his good from his evil by drinking a potion. 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The concept of the duality of good and evil that was taught in the story of the Garden of Eden was widely used in Victorian literature. â€Å"Duality, humorously and simply stated, is the split of one into two, while still existing as one.† (Lopez). Duality is a theme found throughout Robert Louis Stevenson’s ‘The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde’. Most of the story is related in the thirdRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesthe novel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. 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While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde isn’tRead More How Stevenson Explores the Nature of Good and Evil in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1093 Words   |  5 PagesHow Stevenson Explores the Nature of Good and Evil in the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The story is about a doctor called Jekyll who has an alternate identity called Hyde. Until the last two chapters it is told from the view point of Mr Utterson; a friend of Jekyll’s who is trying to piece together the story. It uses features of gothic novels such as doppelganger which is an alternate identity. It also uses multiple narratives to make the reader think, it also helps the reader

Business Environment free essay sample

Purposes: mission; vision; aims; objectives; goals; values; profits; market share; growth; return on capital employed (ROCE); sales; service level; customer satisfaction; corporate responsibility; ethical issues Stakeholders: owners; customers; suppliers; employees; debtors; creditors; financial institutions (banks, mortgage lenders, credit factors); environmental groups; government agencies (central government, local authorities); trade unions Responsibilities of organizations: stakeholder interests; conflict of expectations; power- influence matrix; satisfying stakeholder objectives; legal responsibilities e. g. consumer legislation, employee legislation, equal opportunities and anti-discriminatory legislation, environmental legislation, health and safety legislation; ethical issues egg environment, fair trade, global warming, charter compliance e. g. Banking Code 2 Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate Economic systems: the allocation of scarce resources; effective use of resources; type of economic system eg command, free enterprise, mixed, transitional The UK economy: size (gross domestic product, gross national product); structure; population; labour force; growth; inflation; balance of payments; balance of trade; exchange rates; trading partners; public finances (revenues, expenditure); taxation; government borrowing; business behaviour eg investment, objectives, risk awareness; cost of capital; consumer behaviour; propensity to save; propensity to spend; tastes and preferences Government policy: economic goals; fiscal policy: control of aggregate demand; central and local government spending; Public Sector Net Borrowing (PSNB) and Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR); euro convergence criteria, monetary policy; interest rates; quantitative easing; private finance initiative (PFI); competition policy (up-to-date legislation including Competition Act 1998, Enterprise Act 2002); Competition Commission, Office of Fair Trading; Directorate General for Competition); European Commission); sector regulators eg Ofgem, Ofwat, Civil Aviation Authority; Companies Acts; regional policy; industrial policy; enterprise strategy; training and skills policy 3 Understand the behaviour of organisations in their market environment Market types: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, duopoly; competitive advantage, strategies adopted by firms; regulation of competition Market forces and organisational responses: supply and demand, elasticity of demand; elasticity of supply; customer perceptions and actions, pricing decisions; cost and output decisions; economies of scale, the short run; the long run, multi-national and transnational corporations; joint ventures, outsourcing; core markets; labour market trends; employee skills, technology; innovation; research and development; core competencies; business environment (political, economic, social, technical, legal, environmental); cultural environment 4 Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities Global factors: international trade and the UK economy; market opportunities; global growth; protectionism; World Trade Organisation (WTO); emerging markets (BRIC economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China); EU membership; EU business regulations and their incorporation in to UK law; EU policies eg agriculture (CAP), business, competition, growth, employment, education, economics and finance, employment, environment, science and technology, regional); labour movement; workforce skills; exchange rates; trading blocs (eg monetary unions, common markets; customs unions, free trade areas); labour costs; trade duties; levies; tariffs; customs dues; taxation regimes; international competitiveness; international business environment (political, economic, social, technical, legal, environmental); investment incentives; cost of capital; commodity prices; intellectual property; climate change eg Kyoto Protocol, Rio Earth Summit; third world poverty; the group of 20 (G-20); global financia l stability Learning outcomes and assessment criteria Learning outcomesOn successful completion of this unit a learner will:| Assessment criteria for passThe learner can:| LO1 Understand the organizational purposes of businesses| 1. 1 identify the purposes of different types of organisation1. 2 describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders1. explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them| LO2 Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate| 2. 1 explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively2. 2 assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations and their activities2. 3 evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation| LO3 Understand the behaviour of organizations in their market environment| 3. 1 explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses3. 2 illustrate the way in which market forces shape organizational responses using a range of examples3. judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation| LO4 Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities| 4. 1 discuss the significance of international trade to UK Business organisation4. 2 analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organizations4. 3 evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizations. | GRADE DESCRIPTORS Learners would be graded as ‘PASS, MERIT or DISTINCTION. The indicative characteristics for each grade are mentioned below: Pass grade:A pass grade is achieved by meeting all the requirements defined in the assessment criteria for pass for each unit. Merit grade: Merit descriptors| Indicative characteristics| In order to achieve a merit the learner must:| The learner’s evidence shows for example:| IdentifyandapplyStrategiestofind appropriate solutions| ? Effective judgments have been made? Complex problems with more than one variable have been explored? An effective approach to study and research has been applied| Select/design and apply appropriateMethods/techniques| ? Relevant theories and techniques have been applied? A range of methods and techniques have been applied? A range of sources of information has been used? The selection of methods and techniques/sources has been justified? The design of methods/techniques has been justified? Complex information/data has been synthesized and processed? Appropriate learning methods/techniques have been applied| Present and communicateappropriate findings| ? The appropriate structure and approach has been used? Coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for the intended audience? A range of methods of presentation have been used and technical language has been accurately used? Communication has taken place in familiar and unfamiliar contexts? The communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used| Distinction grade: Distinction descriptors| Indicative characteristics| Inordertoachieveadistinctionthelearner must:| The learner’s evidence shows for example:| Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions| ? Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified? The validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria? Self-criticism of approach has taken place? Realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success| Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities| ? Autonomy/independence has been demonstrated? Substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, anaged and organized? Activities have been managed? The unforeseen has been accommodated? Theimportanceofinterdependencehasbeen recognized and achieved| DemonstrateConvergent/lateral/creative thinking| ? Ideas have been generated and decisions taken? Self-evaluation has taken place? Convergent and lateral thin king have been applied? Problems have been solved? Innovation and creative thought have been applied? Receptiveness to new ideas is evident? Effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts| Assignment Unit 1 McCain McCain is the worlds largest producer of chips. Its range includes other potato products like hash browns and waffles. It buys 12% of the UK potato crop. It is also one of the biggest suppliers of frozen light meals. External factors Businesses set themselves aims. These help them to be efficient. For instance, they may aim to increase sales or make more profit. It then plans to reach these aims. To do this it must look at its own strengths. These are called internal factors. It must also look at outside influences. These are called external factors. McCain looks at changes in these. This helps it to plan how to respond. SLEPT SLEPT is one tool that can be used to look at external factors. It can be used to measure their effect. The letters in SLEPT stand for five factors. These are * Social Legal * Environmental * Technological and * Political. McCain dealt with these factors as follows: Social and Legal factors Social A number of campaigns have told people to eat in a more healthy way. This led to falling sales for some McCain products. McCain responded by reducing the salt and oil in its potato pr oducts. It also sent out the message that its chips were not unhealthy. Legal Governments pass laws, and set standards. McCain has to obey the law or set its own, higher, standards. The Food Standards Agency has developed a system of traffic light labels. These are designed to help consumers see which products may be less healthy. The food industry uses a system based on Guideline Daily Amounts. These GDAs are what an average person should eat to stay healthy. McCain uses both of these. All of its potato products can display the green traffic light (low levels) for saturated fat. None of its products displays a red traffic light (for high levels) in any category. Economic, Political and Technological Factors Economics 100 Edition 12 This refers to changes in buying habits. Income is rising, but people have less time to spend it. This is called being cash-rich but time-poor. This leads to more demand for convenience foods. To meet this challenge McCain provides a range of products to suit different tastes. Political There is government pressure for suppliers to come up with healthier foods. McCain supports the government. It believes that the foods it provides are healthy when prepared properly. Technological The technology used to prepare food is fast moving. McCains food technologists have made its potato products more healthy. They have reduced levels of fat and salt but still maintained flavour. This was achieved through a switch to sunflower oils. This reduced saturated fats by 70%. Conclusion Businesses must take account of changes in external factors. Change comes from a number of sources. Each presents a challenge. McCain is a business focused on the market. It knows that it is vital to keep customers happy. It has listened to what customers want and made changes in response. It aims to give them the best value chips and other healthy food products. Task 1 1. 1 Using working example or the case the study indentify the purposes of different types of organisation. (Outcome 1. 1) 1. 2 Using an example of your choice illustrate how an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders. (Outcome 1. 2) 1. 3 Using the case study, explain the responsibilities of an organisation and the strategies employed to meet them. (Outcome 1. 3) Task 2 2. 1 Illustrate how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. Use the case study to illustrate your answer. (Outcome 2. 1) 2. Fiscal and monetary policy affects business organisations and their activities, disucuss this with a working example of your choice. (Outcome 2. 2) 2. 3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of an organisation of your choice or that or the case study. (Out come 2. 3) Task 3 3. 1 Pricing and output decisions of an organisation are determined by market structures. In your opinion is this true. (Outcome 3. 1) 3. 2 Using a working example of your choice show how market forces shape organisational responses. (Outcome 3. 2) 3. 3 Using an example of your choice discuss how the business and cultural environment shape the organisations behaviour. (Outcome 3. 3) Task 4 4. What is the significance of international trade to the UK business organisation? (Outcome 4. 1) 4. 2 The impact of global factors on UK business organisations is quite variable, discuss. (Outcome 4. 2) 4. 3 Discuss the impact of policies of the European Union on the UK business organisations. (Outcome 4. 3) To achieve a Pass/Distinction or Merit student must address all the above criteria by producing a word processed report of 2500- 3500 words. Reports must be supported by appropriate referencing. The report must be submitted by the required formal submission date by 5pm at r eception where a receipt will be given. The Times 100 Edition 12

King Lear is a play without any hope. Do you agree with this statement Essay Example

King Lear is a play without any hope. Do you agree with this statement? Essay Shakespeares King Lear is a play that focuses on the close relationships of certain characters. Some of these characters are good, while some of them are evil. These characters raise and sink the audiences hope throughout the play. In King Lear, there are some aspects of the play that appear to have no hope. This is shown through families being destroyed, madness, and the death of certain characters. However, some characters, including Lear, Kent, Edgar and Cordelia show there are signs of hope, through their realisations of their mistakes and their loyalty. As soon as the play begins, Shakespeare immediately gives the impression that this is a play without hope. In the first scene an unstable Lear abdicates his throne, leaving the country to his daughters. Two of the sisters speak in prose at the end of the first scene. Speaking in prose usually means a character is not very well educated. However, in this occasion Shakespeare probably used the prose to show the audience not that they were low in society, but they are of low character, which highlights their character faults. The sisters only speak in prose though when they are alone, which is where they reveal their true selves. Shakespeare uses language throughout the play to help the audience distinguish between characters qualities and their true intentions. Another example of this is when Shakespeare highlights the honourable characters by making them speak in rhyming couplets. We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear is a play without any hope. Do you agree with this statement? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear is a play without any hope. Do you agree with this statement? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear is a play without any hope. Do you agree with this statement? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Goneril and Regan were asked to make a speech they said what Lear wanted them to say not what they really thought. This meant the sisters words were exaggerated and very insincere, though they still manage to fool Lear. In the first scene though, the most important thing that shows the play has no hope, is when Lear banishes Cordelia and Kent, probably the two most loyal people in the country. In this scene Lear is also displaying sign of blindness, which suggests that worse is yet to come. The hints of blindness are shown on lines 153 when it says The true blank of thine eye. Also on line 119 Lear says Hence, and avoid my sight! Blindness plays a huge part in the play and is one of the things that make King Lear a play without hope. Though it is Gloucesters blindness and Lears madness that makes them realize their tremendous errors. The audience may also see the premature abdication of the king as hopeless, as during that period of time they believed God chose the king and abdicating would be interfering with the natural forces. Therefore no good can come of Goneril and Regan gaining control of the country. Through the events of scene one, the audience sees an example of a close family being torn apart. Not only is an example of close families being torn apart shown when King Lear banishes Cordelia but also when Edmund manipulates his father and brother to gain power. At the same time the families were being torn apart, so was the nation. This is because the sisters were more concerned about increasing their power hold, which descends the kingdom into civil strife. This was probably because the sisters, who were running the country, were fighting against each other, which eventually lead the country to be divided and the country going into a state of war. I feel there is no sign of hope as families were consumed by power, which led them to destroy each other. Edmund and the sisters betray their families, which break up the families beyond repair. It is true that Regan, Goneril and Edmund join forces for a short while before letting jealousy and hatred get the better of them, but this un ion is not a sign of hope, as the sisters and Edmund unite to become an unholy trinity, which is worrying for their enemies, as there seemed no possible way to defeat them. While the sisters are sidetracked by their own problems the stable and peaceful country falls apart as disorder engulfs the realm. On the other hand, near the end of the play there is a small sign of hope, when Lear meets up with Cordelia and she forgives him. Even after all that Lear has done to Cordelia; she still shows forgiveness by praying for him, to restore her fathers senses. When Lear awakes, he humbles himself before Cordelia, which makes the audience realise that Lear has learnt his lesson and become a better person because of it. During the storm Lear had to confront his failings and while witnessing the powerful forces of the natural world, Lear realised how insignificant he is in the grand scheme of things. This led Lear to reprioritise his values. Lear shows how much he regrets what he did to Cordelia by falling on his knees, which is very humbling for Lear. Lear shows how humble he has become by saying When though dost ask me blessing, Ill kneel down And ask of thee forgiveness. So well live This is the point that shows hope as Lear has got what he most wants; to be reunited with his daughter. This leads to Lear being treated like he was king again, as the words that are addressed to him were respectful. The audiences feeling of hope is heightened when the characters kneel before Lear and he is treated as a powerful monarch. However, news of the battle at the end of the scene, suggests the harmony that is achieved here is already under threat. This could have shattered the audiences hope once again. One of the strongest signs of hope in the play is shown in Cordelia. She is true and honest, which is shown when she refuses to take part in the competition to gain her part of the country. She believes that falsely flattering Lear is wrong, which shows that she loves her father with more depth and sincerity than her self absorbed sisters. Instead, Cordelia says Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth. I love your majesty According to my bond; nor more nor less This shows that even though she wants to obey her father, she cannot, as she wants to stay true to her beliefs. Unfortunately, staying true to her beliefs led her to be banished from the kingdom, as Lear could not read between the lines. Even though Cordelia has been banished, there is still hope for her, as Shakespeare rewards her with the king of France. He still accepts her as his bride, as he can see how good she is. This is a glimmer of hope for the audience as Shakespeare has introduced a character that is good hearted, which is well needed, as there is plenty of morally deprived members of society in the same scene. On the other hand Cordelia being banished is also a sign of no hope as it has disrupted the societal order, which inevitably will result in the country being in chaos. Characters similar to Cordelia are inserted in the play to give the audience hope that the evil characters will eventually get what they deserve. I feel though that throughout the play the loyal char acters are often undermined by those evil characters, which have the most power. Shakespeare painted in Cordelia as an image of light in the darkness for the audience. The fact that Cordelia dies in the last scene, seems to take away any of the hope the audience may have begun to feel. Therefore, this play can be considered a play without hope. However, towards the end of the play, there were some positive signs of hope. This is because the characters that have schemed and manipulated throughout the play, come face to face with Frances army. The outcome of this is that the sisters and Edmund get their just desserts, as all three of them end up dead. The jealously and rivalry between the two sisters eventually led to their downfall, as Goneril poisons Regan when she finds out Regan plans to marry Edmund. Regans poisoning comes as a shock, as the first clue the readers get that there is anything wrong is when Regan says Lady, I am not well; else I should answer From a full-flowing stomach. The fact that it ends up with evil fighting evil gives hope to the audience that evil can never triumph forever, as unlike good infighting is always their undoing. This proves to the audience that eventually good will prevail, as good can work together in harmony. In my opinion Goneril, Regan and Edmunds deaths seems to be richly deserved and is only suitable punishment for all harm they have done. This is a sign of hope, because after those three characters die, order can now be restored in the country and all the trouble they caused can be mended. This is also a sign of hope as all the people that have sinned have certainly been rightfully punished. All the hope that is accomplished throughout the play is shortly dissolved after Shakespeare kills off both good and bad characters. Though it is a sign of hope when the sisters die, any hope raised is demolished when Cordelia, Lear and Gloucester die. This is because Lear and Gloucester have learnt the error of their way and learnt from their mistakes. Therefore it could be argued the play has not achieved anything. Lear and Gloucester are also willing to make up for their wrong doing and becoming better people on the whole. However, what is the point in them learning all of this, if in the end they never get to live to become better people? This also shows a lack of hope for the country. If Lear had lived he would have gone back on the throne and had become a better king because of what he experienced throughout the end of the play. At the beginning of the play he was spoilt and used to no one disagreeing with him. However he would have probably been more considerate to the poor pe ople of the country. This is shown when Lear has been reduced to madness and has later been reunited with Cordelia as he says I am a very foolish fond old man Yet I am doubtful; for I am mainly ignorant This to the audience shows that he is humble and that he honestly regrets his past decisions. When Lear dies however so does the hope for the audience of the country being reunited. The only hope at the end of the play is that Edgar is still alive. Hope is heightened when at the end of the play Edgar becomes king. This is a sign of true hope as the audience already consider him to be a good person, as he remained loyal to his father throughout the time he was living as poor Tom. Edgar has also experienced life on both sides of society. He has also proved himself to be a worthy king, by suffering such hardships and remaining strong throughout. Edgar would also be able to help out the poor of the country, which would be an improvement on the previous monarchs as they lived a pampered life, which did not make them great monarchs. With this new monarch the audience can finally feel that the problems that occurred in the play can be put in the past and the country can be finally united once again. In conclusion, King Lear is infused with notions of hope, though they were often short lived and other times were only illusions. However justice seems to have been served at the end. There was plenty of evidence of King Lear being a play with no hope, but the ending manages to give the audience hope for the future. Shakespeare has shown in the play that evil will always be present and there is no hope of that changing, but eventually good will be dominant in the world of King Lear. So to sum up King Lear is a great tragedy that is full of injustice at the beginning and the restoring of justice towards the end.

High Technology Fibers Essay Example

High Technology Fibers Essay Example High Technology Fibers Essay High Technology Fibers Essay HIGH TECHNOLOGY FIBRES FOR TECHNICAL TEXTILES 1 INTRODUCTION Human life is surrounded by hundreds of textile fibres either in the form of clothes, interior textiles or in the form of high performance technical textiles made of conventional or high technology fibres for various applications. A textile fibre is usually defined as a flexible, macroscopically homogenous cylindrical body mainly with circular cross- section having a high ratio of length to diameter (typically 100-3000: 1). Textile fibres are derived both from natural and synthetic origins. Natural fibres such as cotton, wool etc. are often found with lengths 1000-3000 times their diameter. On the other hand coarser natural fibres such as jute, flax, ramie, etc. have lengths 100- 500 times their diameter. However man-made fibres can be made in any desired ratio of length to diameter. The technical textile industry uses both natural and man-made fibres in manufacturing a variety of products. Natural fibres mainly come from agricultural and animal sources; (although asbestos is a natural fibre coming from mineral sources, but this fibre is banned in many countries from being used due to health hazards) whereas the production of man-made fibres is an important activity of the world-wide chemical industry involving largely natural polymers and synthetic polymers (derieved from petrochemical by-products). There are also a limited number of man-made fibres such as glass, metal and ceramics are produced using inorganic materials. Although natural fibres are extensively used in the technical textile iiidwliv, a serious manufacturing of technical textiles only started about thirty years ago with the inception of man-made fibres. Over the last twenty, years, the man-made fibre industry has seen a radical growth in terms of fibre consumption tbr the technical textile industry. In general, the man-made fibre industry achieved a vast expansion between 1940 and 1970, creating a new spectacular look for the clothing and fashion trade, but today it is showing signs of maturity. Multinational fibre producers have, therefore, turned their ttention to a new dimension, which is technical textiles, to fuel the next major wave of creativity, innovation and growth. It will thus open-up the possibility of a major growth of particularly high tenacity and high technology man-made fibres for the technical textile industry. The growth is also expected to be fuelled by the significant global economic upturn in the first half of 20 00. The estimated total ofworld production of the major textile fibres (including both natural and man-made) for 1998 was over 55 million tonnes, ofwhich approximately 20% was used in the production of technical textiles. It is anticipated that by 2001, nearly 25% of the global. flbre production will be used in technical textiles. Of course, the major breakthrough in this growth will come from ‘New Technical Textiles and New Technologies’ replacing the traditional linear concept of material production. 2 CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES In general, textile fibres are classified into two main groups: natural and man-made. Virtually all kinds of fibres (both natural and man-made) are used in technical textiles. However, for narket structural requirements, fibres used in technical textiles can be divided into two main classes, namely: commodity fibres; and high-technology or speciality fibres. Although by market perception. commqdity fibres are those which are extensively used for traditional textiles, such as apparel and clothing, household textiles, carpets etc. , but contrary to this, today the majority of technical end-uses of textiles are based on commodity fibres. A high degree of engineering ingenuity is, however, often devoted to the design of the item constructed from such fibres. Commodity fibres can be sub-classified into two other groups: conventional fibres such as cotton, wool etc. and high-tenacity fibres, such as polyester, polypropylene etc. In Western Europe, almost 95% of technical textile products are currently made by commodity fibres (- 67% by conventional fibres and - 28% by high-tenacity fibres). Although tl commodity fibres grossly dominate the technical textile markets, but due to the defined scope of this chapter specific features of popular commodity fibres are not included here. High technology or speciality fibres are those which very often are made involving novel materials and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. These fibres are normally characterised for their specific performance enhancing properties. High technology fibres normally add value to the finished products. A number of publication  ° on the subject and related topics have appeared in the last few years. The introduction of high-technology or speciality fibres in technical textiles has allowed us to enter a new era of materials revolution. ‘These fibres are used for special requirements demanded by certain types of technical textiles. Such technical requirements are high temperature protection, high impact and dynamic energy absorption capacity, high cut-through resistance etc. In other words, high-technology or speciality fibres are normally chosen for their particular suitability to an end-use such as protective clothing for ballistic body armour, for high-risk jobs and sports (Figure 1), lightweight textile- reinforced structural components for aircraft, high-performance ropes for marine applications (Figure 2), sfructural panels (reinforced with fibres) for building construcon and so on. Aramids (Keviar, Nomex, Twaron etc. ), glass, carbon, polyethylene, polyphenylene su ph ide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) etc. arc some of the popular high- technology fibres frequently used ‘for technical textiles. High-technology fibres are expensive (10 to 500 times more expensive than commodity fibres) and are often known as ‘Premium Fibres’. Currently high-technology fibres have about - 5% of the total market in technical tcxtiles in Western Europe, but the global market of these fibres is growing rapidly. FIBRE PRODUCTION: SPINNING AND DRAWING Other than inorganic fibres, all man-made fibres (both commodity and high tcchnoogy) are spun either from natural polymers or from synthetic polymers. it is necessary either to melt the polymer at an elevated temperature or to dissolve it in a solvent to form a fibre from a polymer. The most extensively used commercial spinning techniques are melt spinning, dry spinning and wet spinning. Ot her techniques which are used mainly to spin certain types of high technology fibres are gel spinning, liquid crystal spinning, emulsion spinning etc. Both dry and wet spinning processes are technically known as ‘Solution Spinning’. The technology of solution spinning is highly specialised for the individual fibre industry and some of the techniques are described in the patents and in the published literature. Many high-technology fibres e spun using solution spinning techniques. Figure 3 shows the schemii diagram of the three principal methods of spinning fibres. Most of the thermoplastic polymers which do not degrade in their molten state are normally extruded by the melt spinning process. The process is considered as safe, simple and cost effective. The molten polymer is extruded through a nozzle, called a spinneret. Extruded fibre is then passed through a chamber to cool and solidify. Thereafter, the spun material is drawn and wound on a bobbin. Nylon 6, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) etc. are the typical examples of melt-spun fibres. Dry spinning is the process whereby the dope (polymer solution) is passed through a spinneret and solvent is flushed off the resultant fibre in the spin heated chamber, also known as the spin column, before winding the fibre on a bobbin. A high technology fibre from the meta-aramid group, known as Noinex [poly (rn-phenyleneisothalamide)J is a popular example of a dry- spun fibre. Wet spinning was the first process to produce a man-made fibre. The process involves a liquid polymer solution which is pumped through the spinneret into a coagulating chamber. The coagulated fibre is then washed to complete the solvent removal process and often drawn and latter wound on a bobbin Acrylic fibres (polyacrylc’nitrile) are primarily spun by this method. However, they also can be spun by the dry spinning technique. Gel spinning and liquid crystal spinning are two other processes, which are becoming commercially more promising for high technology fibres. Some scientists believe that gel spinning perhaps is the only way to produce ultra high strength polyethylene fibre. However, both the processes are still in the development stage. Depending upon the polymer and the spinning system, commodity fibres are commercially spun at a speed of 1000-5000 metres per minute, although research work has been undertaken on melt-spun fibres produced at a speed of 12000 metres per minute. Most of the high-technology fibres are spun at a reasonably lower speed compared to the speed us. ed to spill a commodity fibre. Spun yarn is often subjected to a process known as drawing. A schematic diagram of the drawing process is given in Figure 4. Drawing introduces orientation and in some cases crystallinity too, into the molecular structure of the fibre and converts the undrawn extruded yarn into a commercially useful material. The degree of stretch technically known as the draw ratio is set by adjusting the surface speeds of input and output rollers (v and v. respectively in the Figure 4) and its magnitude depends on the end use of the material. Drawing is normally accomplished at a temperature above the glass transition point of the spun material. 4 USEFUL FIBRE PROPERTIES FOR TECNNICAL TEXTILES The long-term durability, dimensional stability, etc. of technical textiles are functions of many fibre properties. For example, thermal and thermomechanical responses of fibres des cribe the usefulness of the longterm utilisation of a fibre in a technical textile particularly to be used in a hostile environment such as hoPgas or liquid filtration, welders’ suits or even textiles usedn tyres. The knowledge of various fibre properties thus allows the manufacturers of technical textiles to have a logical estimation of the suitability and subsequently the durability of the materials used in a particular environment so as to minimise the risks of unwanted failure due to the interaction of stress-deformation-temperature and degradative chemical reactions. Specific fibre properties are measured for the specific technical applications. However, such properties can be grouped into the following classes: (a) mechanical properties: strength or tenacity, extensibility, modulus or stiffness, elastic recovery etc. b) thermal and thermomechanical responses: melting temperature, high temperature mechanical properties etc. (c) chemical characteristics: resistance to various inorganic and organic chemicals etc. (d) electrical properties: static electricity build-up, dielectric behaviour, insulating nature etc. (e) abrasion and ageing behaviours (f) surface properties: adhesion, moisture t ransport behaviour etc. (g) optical properties (h) other special properties Tailor-made special properties are very often the features of high-technology fibres. For example, fibres can be engineered into hollow structures that are capable of providing the varying degree of porosity and strength needed in medical applications such as synthetic blood vessels, controlled drug release etc. ; itt chemical/water industry applications such as purification, filtration etc. ; in civil engineering and many other applications. There are many such- tailor made special properties which are developed in a wide variety of high technology fibres. Table I highlights some attributes of high-technology fibres for technical textiles. These are successfully exploited on a wide variety of technical textIle products to enhance performance. 5 SPECIFIC FFATU1ES OF SOME FilCH TECHNOLOGY FIBRES 5. 1 Aromatic polyamides (Aramids) A class of aromatic polyamides distinctly different in properties from the conventional aliphatic polyamide was given the name of’Aramid’ by the Federal Trade Commission of the USA in 1974. The first aramid fibre was developed by the Dupont company in USA and was introduced in the market in 1965. This was a meta-orientated aramid called Nomex. There are two types of commercially successful aramids available. Technically both types can be classified as high technology fibres. The first type of fibres have high temperature resistance and belong to the meta aramid group. They have moderate tenacity and low modulus but excellent resistance to heat. Their utility is largely based upon combustion. The fibres in this class show high melting/decomposition points (600-800 °C). rvletaaram ids arc extremely uselli I when outstanding thermal protection (e. g. protective apparel) and electrical insulation propCrtics are required. xamples of meta-aramids, which are commercially available and widely used Car various applications, are Nomex produced by Dupont and Conex from Teijin. Figure 5 shows chemical structures of meta and para-aramicls. Para-aramids are mechanically much stronger and stiffer than meta-aramids. Dupont is the major global producer of para-aramid fibres with a trade name of Keviar. Currently Kevlar is available in a number of grades (e. g. Kevlar 29, Kevlar 49 etc. ) which have a wide spread of properties. The other producers of similar kinds of material is AKZO and the trade name of their p-arainid is called Twaron. Teijin in Japan have developed a copolymer based paraaramid like fibre commercially known as Technora. The common feature of all of the above mentioned commercially available para-aramid fibres (irrespective of their total polymeric constitutions) is the presence of the para-orientated phenylene unit in their molecular structures. Normally aramid . fibres are produced involving a dry-jet wet spinning process as shown in Figure 6. Aramid fibres have tensile strengths at 300 °C that are characteristic ofhigh enacity commodity fibres at room temperature. Para-aramid fibres have even very useful tenacities well above 300 °C. In contrast nylon 6. 6 and polyester (PET) loose almost all of their strength at about 220 °C. Also ararnid fibres retain useful tensile properties after heat-ageing at 3 00 °C for 1-2 weeks. Heat-ageing lifetime of para-aramids are superior than metaaramids. Aramid fibres chatacteristically burn only with difficulty and they do not melt like nylon 6. 6 or polyester fibres. They are useful in a number of applications requiring high flame resistance. Upon burning, the aramid fibre produce a thick char which acts as a thermal barrier and pFevents serious burns to the skin. Aramid fibres have high volume resistivities and dielectric strengths. They also retain these properties at elevated temperature. Accordingly, the fibres have considerable potential as high temperature dielectrics particularly for use on motors and transformers. Table. II illustrates some useful properties of para and meta-aramid fibres. Para-aramid fibres are not only very strong and stiff, they also have high dynamic energy absorption capacity. High strength, stiffness, excellent dynamic energy absorption behaviour with high fracture toughness of paraaramid create an ideal combination of this material’s suitability in ballistic performance. Figure 7 shows the design of a multilayer bullet-proof vest made of Keviar fabric. Scientists and Technologists have found numerous applications ofaramid fibres since their inception and more new and novel applications are being reported regularly. Table III shows some technical applications of meta and para-aramid fibres. 5. 2 Aromatic polyamide-imide Very few polymers suitable for fibre extrusion belong to the chemical family of polyamide-imide. The successful fibre in this category is called Kermel and is introduced in the market through a joint venture between RhonePoulenc Fibres and Amoco Fabrics. Kermel fibre has excellent inherent fire retardant and dimensional stability, good abrasion resistance and resistance to fraying. It is light and soft. 11 â€Å"s average moisture absorption capability and good antistatic qualities. Soiie useful properties of Kermel fibre are as follows: Amongst suitable applications, the fibre is used in a wide variety of personal protective equipments including the underwear component of racing drivers’ suits, fire fighter’s vests etc. 5. 3 Carbon The existence of carbon fibre became known to mankind in 1879 when Thomas Edison took a patent for the manufacture ofcarbon filaments suitable for use in electric lamps. However, the actual history of carbon fibre in manufacturing high performance preforms for advanced composites to meet the needs of the aerospace industry began in late 1950s. In the early 60s, a successful commercial production process for carbon fibre was developed by William Watt and his team at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough in the UK. Since then, the carbon fibre market and that of composite products made from it have both been consistently expanding due to the attractive technical properties and excellent performance of the fibre. Carbon fibre is described as a fibre containing at least 90% ofcarbon obtained by controlled pyrolysis of appropriate fibres. A large variety of such appropriate fibres which are known as precursors, is used to produce carbon fibres ofdifferent morphologies and different specific characteristics. The most prevalent precursors are polyacrylonitrile (PAN), cellulosic fibres (viscose, cotton etc. , pitch and certain phenolic fibres. Different routes are followed to develop carbon fibres either by manufacturimg from fibrous precursors or by the extrusion of pitch. Acrylic precursor produces strongest carbon fibre. In general, following are three successive stages in the conversion of fibrous precursors into high technology carbon fibres; I. Oxidative stabilisation between 100-400 °C depen ding on the precursors II. Carbon isation between 700-1500 °C III. Graphitisation between 1500-3000 °C according to the type of final fibre required Carbon fibre is exceptionally strong and stiff. A balanced match between high strength and high specific stiffness makes carbon fibre undoubtedly an ideal material for aircraft structural composites. The primary reasons for the popularity ofcarbon fibres and their dominance in the aerospace industry are considered to be as follows: a) Relative to weight, carbon fibres are about 7 times as strong as most metals with respeci to specific strength and about 5 tiiucs as strong as most metals with respect to tensile strength. b) They have low expansion and contraction over a very wide range of temperatures. ) They have a higher resistance to fatigue than steel and aluminium. d) ihey provide a better airworthiness and crashworthinessstructure and offer a significant gain in fuel economy. e) Carbon fibre composites used in aircraft construction reduce overhaul and maintenance costs as metal structures are said to be more prone to cracks and corrosion in service. The maui applications of carbon fibres are in the composites used in the foll owing areas: aircrafi and space shuttle (Figure 10) automotive (Figure I I) sports and recreational equipment (Figure 12) marine high performance structures (Figure 13) and general engineering medical implants (Figure 14) Many of the carbon reinforced composite structures are made from three dimensional wove or knitted preforms. Some ofthe useful properties of carbon fibres produced from polyacrylonitrile and pitch precursors are as follows: 5. 4 Glass Glass as a material is perhaps as old as civilisation itself, but the use of glass as a high technology fibre is relatively a modern idea. Glass used as a high technology fibre is made from similar ingredients to any other glass material. Silica is the basis for all commercial glass. They are obtained by fusing a mixture ofyarious metal oxides at temperatures ranging from 1300 to 1600 °C. There are different types of glass fibres commercially available all of which have different compositions and very often specific technical significance. Following is an outline of some of the popular varieties of glass: 1. ‘A’ glass has an alkali-containing composition, sometimes used for fibre manufacture, 11. ‘AR’ glass is alkali-resistance glass used in the form of fibres for reinforcing cement, 111. ‘C’ glass has a composition that provides resistance to most ofthe chemicals, IV. E’ glass has an almost universally acceptable formulation and ha become a standard for most ofthe uses in fibre and related 1)1OdtICtS. The letter ‘E’ stands for electrical, as the composition has the high electrical resistance, V. ‘HS’ glass is a magnesium-aluminia-silica glass contains small amounts ofa number of other oxid es. HS stands for high strength. VI. ‘S’ glass has a composition similar to ‘HS’ glass which, in fibre form, possesses high strength; the growth ofthis material in advanced composites is increasing rapidly. High technology glass fibres are normally made in the form of continuous strands. Over 90% of all continuous glass fibres produced arc of E’ glass composition. Figures 15 and 16 shows schematic diagram of ‘two-stage’ and ‘one-stage’, production processes respectively for continuous glass fibres. Glass fibres are strong, stiff, non-flammable and heat resistant. They are also highly resistant to chemicals, moisture and attack by micro-organisms. The strength of glass fibre can be easily lost by surface damage. In most cases the high performance characteristics are maintained by embedding or coating the fibre in a protective resin. Glass fibre also suffers from static fatigue i. e. he measured strength decreases with increasing time to failure. Some important properties of glass fibres are given below in Table VI: Glass fibre is extensively used in reinforced plastics (commonly known as GRP) for aircraft and aerospace; appliances and equipment; construction; consumer goods; corrosion resistant products; land transportatian; and sports and leisure items. Glass fibre is an excellent substitute for asbestos as they are non-combustible, rot resistant, highly stable and do not represent a health hazard. Glass fibre is used in both radial and bias-ply automotive tyre reinfdrcement. When it is used as a breaker or belt in bias or bias-belted construction in tyre, it provides a softer ride, greater resistance to damage, better stability and lower reinforcement cost. It performs extremely well in long distance driving. Glass is also an attractive additive to cement as it is cheap and easy to blend. Glass fibre is capable of improving the flexural strength of the composite structure. Glass reinforced cement is used in highway overlay (to provide crack-resistant surface), in architectural building panels, in roofing tiles, in drain pipes (as a replacement for steel-mesh reinforcement). It is also used as a reinforcing material for high speed roadways (Figure 17). A major breakthrough in glass fibre application came, when the material established its potential for use as optical frequency communication wave guides conveniently known as ‘optical fibre’. Optical fibres are made from extremely pure silica produced under controlled process conditions. ’They are extremely delicate and need to be handled very carefilly (Figure 18). Normally fibre optic cables are reinforced (for protection purposes) with Kevlar yarn. Glass fibres suitable for optical transmission matcrial should not have a transmission loss of more than 20 dBlkm. Optical fibres used in satellite and telecommunication syStCms arc claimed to have transmission loss less then 5 dB/krn. 5. 5 Polyethylene High technology polyethylene fibres, with exceptionally high strength and stiffhess together with unique strength-to-weight ratios are now commercially available from several companies world-wide. The process that dominates current commercial method of producing ultra-high strength and modulus uivcthvleiic fibres follows the solution spinning route. The spinning method for high technology polyethlene uses very high molecular weight polymer and the process is technically called ‘gel spinning’. The reason of calling the process gel spinning is the gel-like appearance of the filaments after spinning and cooling. The process comprises of three main stages; I. the continuous extrusion of the solution of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, II. spinning of the solution followed by gelation/crystallisation which can be done either by cooling and extraction or by evaporation of the solvent, and III. ultradrawing and removal of emaining solvent. A line diagram of the gel spinning process is given in Figure 19. Polyethylene fibre is also produced using melt spinning process. The usage of high strength and high modulus polyethylene fibre is growing rapidly, particularly in certain areas of technical textiles and also in composites. The main attributes of high technology polyethylene fibres are as follows: high strength a nd specific modulus together with high energy to break, low specific gravity, very good abrasion resistance, excellent chemical and electrical resistance, good UV resistance, and low moisture absorption, Some useful properties of both gel-spun and melt-spun high performance polyethylene fibres arc given in Table VII: An impressive combination of fibre properties contribute to the market thrust in terms of the enormous potential application areas of high performance polyethylene fibre. Some of the growing application areas include sail cloth; marine ropes and cables; protective clothing; composites e. g. sports equipment, pressure vessels, boat hulls, impact shields etc. ; concrete reinforcement; fish netting; and medical implants etc. 5. 6 PVA Polyvinyl alcohol fibre has been used in technical textiles since late 80s for its high tenacity, good dimensional stability and high resilience. However, the traditionally spun fibre never received wide acceptance in a wide range of product applications because of its strength retention in presence of water particularly at a high temperature. However, the Japanese manufacturer Kurary and Unitika have come up with high strength and high modulus gel- spun PVA fibres. Apart from its high strength and good dime. isional stability, the fibre offers good thermomechanical responses at temperatures as high as 170 °C. It also provides excellent resistance to flex fatigue and creep. Gel-spun PVA also offers high stability in the presence of water even at high temperature. The gel-spun version of PVA is quite new to the market and is being commercially tried in various products. The most promising area of gel-spun PVA appears to be in tyres for belt reinforcement and in mechnical rubber goods. Some useful properties of gel-spun PVA fibre are given in Table V III: 5. 7 Spandex fibres This is a class of synthetic elastomeric fibres (elastomeric fibres are those vhich have mechanical properties characteristic of rubber). Spandex fibres are manufactured from long-chain polymers composed of at least 85% of a :. cgmented polyurethane. The segments are based on low molecular weight polyethers or polyesters. The generic name Spandcx was given by the Federal Trade Commission of USA. Lycra was the first spandex fibre introduced in the market by Dupont Company in 1960. Today several kinds of Spandex fibres with different trade names are available in the market. The method of manufacturing spandex fibre depends on the chemical structure of the long chain molecule. Commercially melt, dry and wet spinning techniques are used. Lycra for example is known to be made by dry spinning systems. In wet spinning the reaction to complete the formation of the elastomeric fibre takes place in the coagulation bath (Figure 3). That is why this system of manufacturing spandex fiber is also known as the reaction spinning. Strength (tenacity), breaking extension, power (it is defined as the stress in the material after being held for sometime, normally 5 minutes, at an extension of 300% relative to the un stretched dimensions) and elastic recovery are the novel properties of typical spandex fibres. Some useful properties of spandex fibres are as follows: Spandex fibres have low tenacities, high extensibilities, low power requirements for large deformations and relatively low specific gravity. Spandex yams have about the same breaking extension as the natural rubber yarns but they are twice as strong. Also elastic recovery (it is defined as the recovered extension as a percentage of the imposed extension) of spandex fibres is excellent although actual recovery depends on the amount of stretch, the time for which the specimens are held in the stretched state and the time allowed for recovery. Typical elastic recovery behaviour of spandex fibres after holding specimen in extended condition for 60 seconds at ambient conditions is given below: Spandex fibres are extensively used in sports and leisure garirients, foundation garments, support hose etc. 5. 8 Fluorine-containing fibre The only important fibre in this category is made ofpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) introduced in the market by the Dupont Company under the trade name ‘Teflon’. PTFE was disco’ered by Dupont Scientist Dr Roy Plunkett shortly befare World War II. This polymer is insoluble virtually in all known solvents and, therefore, cannot be solution spun. Also the polymer has high melting point which possess serious problems to produce melt-spun fibre. The fibre is produced using a novl technique called emulsion spinning. PTFE fibres have high chemical stability, low frictional characteristics, extremely high . thermal and electrical insulating power, and veiy high melting point. PTPE provides excellent resistance to heat over an extremely useful thermal wifldow co’ering 190 °C to 260 °C. It also provides high resistance to fungus and biological agents. PTFE is also well known for its non-sticking behaviour. Apparently it is the most inert material known to man. PTFE fibres are used in highly specialised applications such as high temperature and high voltage (including a wide range of frequencies) electrical insulation, filtration medium for corrosive chemicals, packing materials for expensive items to avoid frictional damage etc. Apart from Dupont, Hoechst and ICI also produce PTFE and market them under the trade names Hostaflon (Hoechst) and Fluon (ICI). 5. PBZT and PBO These two fibres have emerged from a class of heterocylic polymers with some outstanding qualities. Chemically two fibres are poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) [PBZT] and poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) [PBO]. Both the fibres have excellent strength, stiffness, thermal, chemical and environmental stability. However, the compressive strength of these fibres is low. Some useful properties of PBZT a nd PBO fibres are as follows: Extremely high thermal and mechanical performance of these two fibres are particularly interesting for high performance structural applications. Currently the fibres are known to be produced by Dow Chemical Company of the USA. 5. 10 PBI Polybenzimidazole (PBI) was first commercialised by the Hoechst Celanese company in 1983. PBI was initially developed to be used by NASA for nonflammable space research articles. PBI has since been adopted for other applications and is used either alone or in blends with other fibres. PBI is a high regain and low modulus fibre which is very similar to cotton. It has excellent thermal stability, good insulative qualities and excellent static charge dissipation behavior. PBI fibre does not burn in air (it has limiting oxygen index above 41) nor does it melt or drip. It has good pilling, abrasion and flex resistance and good resistance to chemicals. Some useful properties of the PBI fibre are given in Table XII: Current applications of PBI fibres include racing drivers’ suits, thermal protective clothing for high intensity heat (Figure 20), hot gas filtration. It is also used to make protective equipment for utility workers exposed to electrical arc flashes, inflammable chemicals and oils etc. It is expected to make in roads into the industrial, civil aviation and fire fighting markets. 5. 11 Copolymer polyester fibre The random copolyeseters of hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxynapthoic acid have been produced commercially by Hoechst Celanese and the fibre is marketed under the trade name Vectra. The fibre is also produced under a very similar trade name Vectran by the Kurary Company of Japan. The fibre is melt spun and has a distinct fibrillar structure. Some typical properties of Vectra/Vectan fibres are given below: Vectra and Vectran resist water and assure low-creep characteristics. They provide high wear and bending fatigue resistance. These fibres can be used as ideal tension nwmhcrs to optical fibre cables, as the core for heating wires in electric carpets, in lane buoys in swimming pools (Figure 21) in high performance ropes, sporting equipment, fishing nets, protective clothing for high risk jobs etc. 5. 12 Melamine-based fibres Although melamine is considered unreactive, its symmetry and functionality make it suitable for use as a synthesis building block in condensation reactions with formaldehyde. Initially in the condensation reaction, methylol compounds are formed which then react with one another to form a three dimensional structure of methylene ether and methylene bridges. The resulting network gives a material that can be extruded into fibres. This melamine-based fibre is available in various forms but the most successful fibre in this category is marketed by BASF and is commercially called Basofil. Most melamine-based fibres have high heat stability, high solvent resistance, low flammability and good abrasion resistance. The important characteristics of Basofil fibre are its high Limiting Oxygen Index (LOl), low thermal conductivity, good chemical, hydrolysi and ultraviolet resistance with very little hot air shrinkage. Some useful properties of Basofil fibres are as follows: 5. 13 Miscellaneous fibres The above fibres mentioned under different categories are by no means form an exclusive list of fibres used for technical textiles. New developments such as gel-spun polyacrylonitrile, ceramics, alumina/carbon composite and metal fibres are being successfully used in many technical textile applications. Very specialized materials such as certain types of polyetherimide fibres (already used for hot gas filtration, structural reinforcement etc. ), polyoxadiazole fibres (already used in protective clothing etc. ), polyphenylene suiphide, poly (p-xytylene) polyetherketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fibers etc. are being successfully implemented in new product developments. More information on some of the above flhres is avaiiabe in author’s article on high-performance fibre. The last thirty years have seen the emergence of a number of commercially- successful high-technology fibres. In spite of the high production costs, the high-technology fibre industry has seen phenomenal growth over the last few years. Both the manufacturing and the consumption of many high- technology fibres are still virtually confined to Western Europe, America and Japan. With regard to volume consumption, aramids and glass fibres icad the high-technology or speciality fibres table. In spite of the high price of aramid fibres, a phenomenal growth of this fibre in protective clothing (bullet. roof vests, clothing for high-risk jobs and sports) and other technical applications, has shown the significance and need for new materials for many technical textiles. 6 FINAL REMARKS In production and usage ofhigh technology fibres, each material has its own outstanding qualities and defects. Although the ‘fast-pace’, ‘high-quality’ and ‘high-tech’ lifestyle of today’s customers encourage demands for new and improved fibres for high-quality technical tex tiles but economical new high technology fibres with excellent mechanical and other tailor-made special properties are unlikely to appear in the market in the near future. Therefore, market of technical textiles is to be driven by available high technology fibres with fine-tuning of properties and appropriate application of finishes for enhanced performance. REFERENCES 1. S. K. 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